English Vocabulary


ENGLISH in context in context CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING ENGLISH in context in context VOOCABULARY CABULARY SADDLEBACK E-BOOK
1 in context ENGLISH in context VOOCABULARY CABULARY
2 Development and Production Laurel Associates Inc Cover Art Elisa Ligon SADDLEBACK EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING Three Watson Irvine CA 92618-2767 Website wwwsdlbackcom Copyright 2000 by Saddleback Educational Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher ISBN 1-56254-356-3 Printed in the United States of America 05 04 03 02 01 00 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING ENGLISH iin context n context
3 Introduction 5 UNIT 1 Overview of Language 6 LESSON 1 Varieties of English 6 2 Matching Words to the Occasion 8 3 Parts of Speech 9 4 Using Parts of Speech 10 Unit 1 Review 12 UNIT 2 Analyzing Word Parts 13 5 Word Roots 13 6 Prefixes and Suffixes 14 7 More Prefixes and Suffixes 16 8 Medical Prefixes and Suffixes 17 9 More Prefixes and Suffixes 18 Unit 2 Review 20 UNIT 3 Commonly Confused Words 21 10 Multiple Meaning Words 21 11 Homophones 23 12 Near Misses 24 Unit 3 Review 25 UNIT 4 Shades of Meaning 26 13 Denotation and Connotation 26 14 Connotations 28 15 Euphemisms 29 16 Trite Language 30 17 Idioms 32 18 Idioms Make and Take 34 19 Idioms Go and Get 36 20 Jargon 38 21 Slang 39 Unit 4 Review 40 UNIT 5 Word Origins 41 22 Borrowed Words 41 23 Word Histories 43 24 Compound Words 44 25 Blended Clipped and Coined Words 46 26 Foreign Words and Phrases 48 Unit 5 Review 49 UNIT 6 Reference Books 50 27 The Dictionary 50 28 Dictionary Pronunciation Key 52 29 The Thesaurus 53 Unit 6 Review 55 UNIT 7 Topical Vocabulary 56 30 Art and Music 56 31 Employment 58 32 Advertising 60 33 Science 62 CONTENTS
4 34 Science Careers 63 35 Figurative Language 64 36 Weather 65 37 Driving 66 38 American History and Geography 68 39 Government 70 40 Forms and Applications 71 41 Computers 72 42 Media 74 43 Media Careers 75 44 Sports 76 45 Plants and Animals 77 Unit 7 Review 78 UNIT 8 Synonyms and Antonyms AZ 80 Pretest 80 46 Words Beginning with A 81 47 Words Beginning with B 82 48 Words Beginning with C 83 49 Words Beginning with D 84 50 Words Beginning with E 85 51 Words Beginning with F 86 52 Words Beginning with G 87 53 Words Beginning with H 88 54 Words Beginning with I 89 55 Words Beginning with J 90 56 Words Beginning with K 91 57 Words Beginning with L 92 58 Words Beginning with M 93 59 Words Beginning with N 94 60 Words Beginning with O 95 61 Words Beginning with P 96 62 Words Beginning with Q 97 63 Words Beginning with R 98 64 Words Beginning with S 99 65 Words Beginning with T 100 66 Words Beginning with U 101 67 Words Beginning with V 102 68 Words Beginning with W 103 69 Words Beginning with X Y Z 104 Unit 8 Review 105 Reference Guide 107
5 Building a good vocabulary doesnt mean memorizing long lists of difficult words It doesnt mean spending long hours reading a dictionary either Your everyday activities present plenty of opportunities to increase your word power The benefits of having the right words at your command are obvious People who can express themselves with precision and grace have a clear advantage over those who cant They can count on themselves to speak confidently and write with self-assurance In competitive situations at school or on the job language skills are an enormous asset In personal and social situations the ability to communicate your needs thoughts and feelings can make your relationships stronger and your life less stressful The instruction in this book will give you access to hundreds of new and interesting words As you complete each lesson try to integrate as many words as you can into your speech and writing While no amount of practice can promise perfection practice does guarantee improvement And remember that the best word to use is not necessarily long or fancy its the one that conveys the exact meaning you intend Careful attention as you work your way through this book is a wise investment in your future as a great communicator INTRODUCTION
6 Vocabulary skill is based on a clear understanding of language itself The language you use must be appropriate to the situation Think about it Would you dress for a job interview in the clothes you wore to clean the garage Would you polish your shoes before going to the beach or wear your favorite torn sweatshirt to a formal reception Appropriate language is like appropriate clothing It shows that you understand the requirements of different occasions and circumstances Two major categories of English are called standard and substandard Standard English is the language of educated peoplethose who know and follow the conventional rules of grammar and usage Substandard English which usually breaks accepted rules in the use of pronouns and certain verb forms is associated with the uneducated EXAMPLES STANDARD I saw that movie He and I are friends SUBSTANDARD I seen that movie Him and me are friends Write S or SS to show whether each sentence below is written in standard English or substandard English 1 Dizzy Dean once a great pitcher for the St Louis Cardinals was famous for using substandard speech 2 Dizzys brother Paul was also a pitcher for the Cards 3 A teacher wrote to say that she dont like the way I talk said Dizzy 4 She dont want me to say that a runner slud into second base 5 What does she want me to sayslided 6 Me and Paul dont like to worry about that sort of stuff said Dizzy OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 1 1 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH A
7 Rewrite the sentences in standard English 1 I noticed you was late getting home last night 2 Havent you got no respect for the house rules 3 Dad dont like you staying out after midnight 4 If Dad catches you hisself youll be grounded There are different forms of standard English The two most important varieties are formal and informal Formal English is used for serious purposes research papers literary essays important speeches and essay questions on exams Characteristics of formal English include the following 1 B Sentences are very carefully constructed rarely contains slang uses words not common in everyday speech and writing avoids the use of contractions Most of the time educated people use informal language Whether written or spoken their sentences sound more like conversation than like lines from a formal speech Newspapers magazines novels and business letters are written in informal English Characteristics of informal English include the following includes both long and short sentences uses contractions uses vocabulary that is clear and simple rather than elegant uses limited slang Read each pair of words Circle the formal word and underline the informal word 1 kids children 5 rich prosperous 2 colleagues coworkers 6 aspirations goals 3 started originated 7 balance moderation 4 propose suggest 8 assert say C
8 Long difficult words are not necessarily the best words for all occasions Effective communicators understand the difference between simple everyday speech and what is called the Kings English Which kind of English is appropriate in each situation below Write formal or informal on the lines 1 a thank you note for a gift 4 a classroom discussion 2 a letter to the PTA 5 an academic journal article 3 a legal document 6 a newspaper article Practice writing sentences in both formal and informal English If the sentence is written in formal English rewrite it in informal English If the language is informal rewrite it in formal language As an example the first sentence has been done for you 1 Vans lame suggestion was probably a put-on 2 An overly intensive study schedule may adversely affect your social aspirations 3 Great Britains royals packed the room at the uppercrust charity bash 4 Persistent procrastination before studying is a self-indulgence students can ill afford 2 MATCHING WORDS TO THE OCCASION A B Vans unworkable suggestion was likely meant as a joke
9 All words are classified as one of eight parts of speech adjective adverb conjunction interjection noun preposition pronoun or verb Nouns pronouns and verbs are the most important parts of speech Why Because you need a noun or a pronoun along with a verb to make a sentence Nouns are words that name people places and things EXAMPLES Vanessa street government engine honesty Pronouns are words used in place of nouns EXAMPLES she I you its them their our mine Verbs are words that express action or being in the past present or future EXAMPLES walk walked will walk am was have been Circle the word that is the part of speech listed in boldface 1 noun why often boulder us 2 verb shook rotten quickly therefore 3 pronoun cape believed me wished Adjectives add to the meaning of nouns or pronouns by telling which one what kind or how many EXAMPLES that pencil red car three boys Adverbs add to the meaning of verbs adjectives or other adverbs by telling how when where why or to what degree EXAMPLES cried loudly almost dark very happy arrived early come here still waiting In each sentence underline the adjective and circle the adverb 1 Six hens clucked softly 4 Never tease wild animals 2 The hog is very fat 5 Tiny mice scurry quickly 3 That cow eats lazily 6 Those birds fly high PARTS OF SPEECH 3 A B
10 ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE VERB VERB ADVERB ADVERB PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN NOUN Use words from the box to complete the sentences proverbs never clever some saves strange you stitches always dense nine wastes old them remember kindly their me we explain it 1 An proverb advises that a stitch in time nine 2 I may be but Ive been sure about what that saying means 3 Do understand 4 Does the stitch in time save minutes or nine more 5 Will you it to Give your own examples of each part of speech 1 nouns 2 verbs 3 pronouns 4 adjectives 5 adverbs A B 4 USING PARTS OF SPEECH
11 Read what four famous writers had to say about the importance of words Then identify the called-for parts of speech in each quotation Write the words on the lines 1 Words form the thread upon which we hang our experiences Aldous Huxley two verbs two pronouns 2 Ones vocabulary needs constant fertilization or it will die Evelyn Waugh two nouns two verbs one adjective 3 The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large mattertis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning Mark Twain three adjectives five nouns one adverb 4 Words are the hummingbirds of the imagination Elbert Hubbard three nouns one verb 4 C
12 Rewrite only the sentences that are written in substandard English If the sentence is written in standard English write correct 1 Ms Haworth never makes no mistakes in grammar 2 Leticia and Esther are our two best debaters 3 I and Collette was chosen to be co-captains 4 Marty run into Kevin at the dance last night 5 Andrews scholarship was the result of hard work Write I or F next to each phrase to show whether it is an example of formal or informal English A B 1 fortuitous circumstances 2 a lucky break 3 inevitable consequences 4 a crying shame 5 a favorable omen 6 couldnt care less Write noun pronoun verb adjective or adverb to identify the words in each group Hint You will write one part of speech twice 1 slowly well somewhat 4 exploded does thinks 2 wheat Idaho community 5 eleven bald dangerous 3 us you themselves 6 loyalty conscience vapor C 1 UNIT REVIEW
13 Many words in the English language are based on word roots New words are formed when other word parts are added to a root Some of our word roots come from Old Englishthe form of English that was spoken and written from the 500s to about 1150 AD Most of our roots come from Latin however and many come from Greek LATIN ROOTS GREEK ROOTS credbelief biolife dic dictsay speak chron chronotime fac factdo make geoearth manhand hydrwater pedfoot log logyspeech study word vert versturn psychmind vid vissee thermheat Understanding Latin and Greek roots will help you determine the meaning of many unfamiliar words Circle the root in each word below Then use the word in a sentence of your own Check a dictionary if youre not sure of the words meaning 1 convert 2 dehydration 3 biography 4 contradict Write a word based on each root listed below 1 ped 3 man 2 geo 4 vis ANALYZING WORD PARTS FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 2 WORD ROOTS 5 A B
14 Word parts called prefixes and suffixes are added to roots to build words A prefix is added to the beginning of a word or root to change its meaning EXAMPLES pre before historic prehistoric before recorded history co with together exist coexist exist together A suffix is added to the end of a word or root to change its meaning EXAMPLES en made of like oak oaken made of oak less without penny penniless without a penny Define each boldfaced word in your own words Then define the prefix that appears in both words The first item has been done for you 1 impatient impossible The prefix im must mean 2 submarine substandard The prefix sub must mean 3 interview intercom The prefix inter must mean 4 mistake misunderstand The prefix mis must mean 5 recycle review The prefix re must mean 6 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES A not patient not possible not
15 Write a sentence using one of the boldfaced words Then define the suffix in all three word choices 1 counselor actor sailor The suffix or must mean 2 thoughtful grateful suspenseful The suffix ful must mean 3 creative elusive positive The suffix ive must mean 4 robbery bakery surgery The suffix ery must mean Write a letter to match each suffix on the right with its definition on the left 1 small a the suffix ship as in showmanship 2 art or skill of b the suffix ite as in meteorite 3 state or quality of c the suffix cule as in molecule 4 inclined to d the suffix cy as in accuracy 5 mineral or rock e the suffix ative as in talkative 6 B C
16 Combine a prefix from the box with the boldfaced word in parentheses to complete the sentence ir in re pre semi non 1 On her first day at the new school Rosie felt secure 2 The teacher thought that Christophers excuse was utter sense 3 If you pay for something you send the money ahead of time 4 Tricking someone else into doing your work is lazy and responsible 5 James will have to place the basketball he lost 6 Glorias cookie recipe calls for sweet chocolate chips Circle the suffix that correctly completes each sentence 1 To change the verb tour to a noun meaning one who tours add the suffix or ist er 2 To change the noun speed to an adjective meaning very fast add the suffix ly er y 3 To change the verb break to an adjective meaning capable of being broken add the suffix ible able ery 4 To change the noun envy to an adjective meaning jealous add the suffix bus ous ish 5 To change the noun taste to an adjective meaning in good taste add the suffix y ier ful 7 MORE PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES A B
17 Study the word parts in the chart Many English words describing medical conditions are made from these word parts from Latin and Greek PREFIXES MEANING SUFFIXES MEANING a an without lacking algia pain arthro joint ectomy surgical removal of gastro stomach emia blood hemo a blood itis inflammation hyper over excessive plegia paralysis hypo under deficient oma tumor growth myo muscle neuro nerve Use information from the chart to help you choose the word that correctly completes each sentence 1 Arthritis Arthremia is a painful inflammation of body joints 2 Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia is an abnormally low concentration of sugar in the blood 3 Patients who have had a tonsillectomy have had their tonsils paralyzed removed 4 One who suffers from gastritis has heart stomach problems 5 Anemia is diagnosed by analyzing a persons nerves blood 6 A woman who has neuralgia has pain blood in her joints nerves 7 A paraplegic suffers pain paralysis in the lower body 8 A myoma is a tumor inflammation consisting of muscular tissue Use information from the chart and a dictionary to help you complete the sentences Hint The first letter of each missing word is provided 1 is a chronic lack of appetite for food 2 Abnormally high blood pressure is called 3 A tumor or swelling filled with blood is called a MEDICAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 8 A A h h B
18 First read each paragraph of The Crow and the Pitcher Then fill in the blanks according to the instructions Follow the same steps for The Sun and the Wind on the next page The Crow and the Pitcher A crow who was very thirsty found a tall narrow pitcher It was partly filled with water But the crow was unable to enjoy a drink His beak reached only halfway down the pitcher and the water was below that level The unhappy crow regretfully prepared to go on being thirsty Write words from the paragraph that have these prefixes 1 en un be pre Write words from the paragraph that have these suffixes 2 y way ly fully But the crow was clever An idea occurred to him He picked up a nearby pebble in his beak Skillfully he dropped the pebble into the pitcher Then he dropped more and more pebbles Slowly the pebbles displaced the water in the bottom of the pitcher As the water rose higher the crow was enabled to drink it What a relief for the crow Write word from the paragraph that have these prefixes 3 dis en in re Write words from the paragraph that have these suffixes 4 by fully ly er 9 MORE PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
19 The Sun and the Wind The sun and the wind had an argument I am more powerful than you howled the wind The sun disagreed Let us have a test to decide which of us is more powerful he cried hotly Do you see the man walking on the street down there Are you strong enough to make him take off his coat Write words from the paragraph that have these prefixes 5 de dis Write words from the paragraph that have these suffixes 6 ful ment ly ing Thats easy moaned the wind He blew harder and harder The man became cold To protect himself he pulled his coat tightly around him Finally the wind admitted that he could do nothing more to remove the coat Now it was the suns turn to show his mighty power Write words from the paragraph that have these prefixes 7 ad re pro be The sun began to shine brightly Soon the man grew warmer He removed his coat to enjoy the warmth of the sun Laughing loudly the sun told the wind Do you see why I was successful You met with failure because you used force Sometimes kindness is more powerful than force Write words from the paragraph that have these suffixes 8 ly er ful ness 9
20 Write T or F to tell whether each statement below is true or false 1 Many modern English words are based on roots from ancient Latin and Greek 2 A prefix may be added either to the beginning or the end of a root 3 A group of letters added to the end of a word is called a suffix 4 The word unmentionable has both a prefix and a suffix 5 The word unknowingly has one prefix and two suffixes 6 The same root can have an entirely different meaning in different words Read the definitions Then use prefixes and suffixes to complete the words 1 NATIONAL between or among nations 2 JOIN to join again 3 PRACTICAL not useful or efficient 4 PRE to forecast or guess a future event 5 GRAPHY the story of someones life 6 MERCI full of pity and forgiveness 7 WORTH without value 8 CONSTANT on and on without stopping 9 NEUR inflammation of the nerves A B 2 UNIT REVIEW
21 People with word power are careful about mixing up words Confusion usually occurs between words that are very similar Many English words have more than one meaning and can be used as different parts of speech To add to the confusion these words are often pronounced differently as well EXAMPLES a bow and arrow noun that rhymes with go the bow of a ship noun that rhymes with cow to bow before the king verb that rhymes with now Study each boldfaced word Then identify its part of speech On the line write noun verb adjective or adverb 1 Invite the duke and the count 5 It might rain today 2 Count the remaining tokens 6 We have power and might 3 Go down to the basement 7 Are all students present 4 Goose down is very soft 8 I gave Taylor a present Write a word that rhymes with each boldfaced word 1 to shed a tear 5 dove in the pool 2 to tear up paper 6 cooing of a dove 3 to sow seeds 7 does and fawns 4 a sow in a sty 8 does good work COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 3 MULTIPLE MEANING WORDS 10 A B
22 Add vowels a e i o u to complete the multiple meaning words Hint Use the words part of speech as a clue to meaning 1 BR DG is a popular card game 2 Her P T NT leather shoes are shiny 3 Light the fire with a M TCH 4 A R R bird is hard to find 5 Please fry me a pork CH P for dinner 6 An out-of-date license is NV L D 7 A P LM is a common tropical tree 8 A CR T is a slatted wooden container Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle Hint Answers are the words you completed in Part C ACROSS 1 the inside of your hand 3 a rickety old vehicle slang 4 not cooked much 6 disabled person 7 to cut with a sharp blade DOWN 1 official right to make or sell your invention 2 road that arches over an obstacle 5 to pair up things that are alike or equal MULTIPLE MEANING WORDS 10 C D NOUN ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE NOUN NOUN NOUN ADJECTIVE NOUN 1 6 5 3 4 2 7
23 Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and usually different spellings EXAMPLES pail a bucket pale white ant insect aunt female relative Read the sentences Write a homophone for each boldfaced word on the line The first one has been done for you 1 How hi can ewe jump 2 The boss overseas for workers 3 Pleas stand over their 4 Does that hoarse need a bridal 5 Wheel bee home soon Circle the correct words Then rewrite the sentences on the lines 1 Rupert maid made a very vary big mistake 2 I heard herd he didnt pay the tax tacks on his house 3 Now the government has put a lean lien on his property 4 Rupert doesnt no know what to dew do about it 5 Weve weave tolled told hymn him to meat meet with a lawyer 6 Maybe it wood would be wiser for Rupert to take out a lone loan and pay up HOMOPHONES 11 A B high you
24 Near misses are words that are similar in one way or another These words Circle the word that makes sense in each sentence Use a dictionary if you need help 1 People are said to emigrate immigrate when they leave a country and immigrate emigrate when they enter another country 2 In anything you write chances are you will use at least one proposition preposition 3 The arrival of our imminent eminent speaker is imminent eminent 4 I wish I had an autographed pitcher picture of that famous pitcher picture 5 You may disprove disapprove of my opinion but you cant disprove disapprove it 6 I am confident confidant that my friend and confidant confident will keep my secrets 7 Is it possible for you to device devise a devise device to solve that problem 8 The attorney is prosecuting persecuting a man charged with prosecuting persecuting his dog 9 Iran was formally formerly called Persia until its name was formally formerly changed 10 The sick boy should lie lay his backpack on the floor and lie lay down in the nurses office 12 NEAR MISSES
25 A B C D Write two sentences for each boldfaced word In each sentence use the word as the part of speech shown in parentheses 1 mean VERB ADJECTIVE 2 live ADJECTIVE VERB 3 spell NOUN VERB Write the word that matches both definitions 1 a an ugly dwarf b method of fishing 2 a to count again b to tell in detail 3 a a small slow-moving animal b to hit something hard Rewrite the sentences correctly 1 Eye like wry bread 2 Isle sea you later 3 Read the hole lessen 4 Can ewe here me 5 That flour is a rows Circle the word that makes sense in each sentence 1 Why wont he except accept your apology 2 The submarine began its descent decent 3 Dont ever loose lose your good reputation 4 Im quiet quite tired of hearing your excuses t r s 3 UNIT REVIEW
26 Many words have two kinds of meanings The dictionary definition of a word is its denotation The attitudes and feelings associated with a word are its connotation EXAMPLE shrewdclever in practical matters denotation shrewdwily crafty sly connotation The same word can have different connotations when used in different contexts EXAMPLE Shrewd consumers do not buy on impulse smart The shrewd salesman tricked the old man untrustworthy Synonyms words that have the same or nearly the same denotation often have different connotations EXAMPLE The daring acrobat thrilled the crowd bold brave The reckless driver swerved dangerously wild careless A dictionary or thesaurus can help you find the word with the exact shade of meaning you want Read the pair of boldfaced synonyms Then complete the phrases with the most appropriate word If you need help use a dictionary to check out each words connotation as well as denotation 1 dainty delicate a surgery a decoration 2 reach achieve to maturity to success 3 slim slight a difference a possibility 4 distribute dispense to medicine to flyers SHADES OF MEANING FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 4 13 DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION A
27 5 oral verbal an report a agreement 6 teach train to guitar to animals 7 decline reject to a suggestion to an invitation 8 capture catch to the enemy to a baseball Use each pair of synonyms in sentences of your own Make sure your sentences show the differences in connotation Use a dictionary if you need help 1 tired exhausted 2 tolerate approve 3 aroma odor 4 sign symptom B 13
28 What kind of connotation does each word have First write positive negative or neutral next to each word Then use each word in a sentence that shows its connotation 1 mutt purebred dog 2 inexpensive cheap 3 determined stubborn 4 small cozy cramped 5 dislike detest 6 soggy wet juicy 14 CONNOTATIONS 1st
29 A euphemism is a word or phrase used to replace one that may be seen as ugly shocking or unpleasant EXAMPLES remains instead of corpse sanitary engineer instead of garbage collector Euphemisms are used to avoid or disguise harsh realities In some social situations euphemisms are tactful and considerate Unnecessary euphemisms however are usually too obvious to fool anyone First underline the euphemism in each sentence Then write a letter to show the euphemisms literal meaning 1 Mrs Lee had to terminate the employment of her assistant a hire b fire c review 2 Marisols husband passed away last year a left town b came by c died 3 Edgar came within the venue of law enforcement a was arrested b was police chief c lived next door 4 Mitch has been between assignments for six months a traveling a lot b busy at home c out of work Euphemisms are often used to describe socially unacceptable behavior Imagine that you are the parent of each child described below What euphemisms could you use to explain away your childs problem Write a sentence showing each child in a better light The first one has been done for you 1 Anthony lies 2 Susie talks constantly 3 Kyle is very bossy 4 Miranda is a tattletale EUPHEMISMS 15 A B Anthony has a vivid imagination
30 The dictionary defines the word trite as no longer fresh or new stale Because they have been overused trite expressionsoften called clichsare boring Unfortunately these tired phrasesbecause weve heard them so oftencome to mind very quickly Skillful speakers and writers try to avoid clichs however They make the extra effort required to come up with wording that is fresh and original Simple wording that is clear and straightforward is always better than using worn-out expressions EXAMPLES Never bite off more than you can chew Rozs new car made us green with envy Write a letter to match each clich on the left with the same idea expressed in simpler language on the right 16 TRITE LANGUAGE A 1 trials and tribulations 2 hale and hearty 3 fair and square 4 easier said than done 5 a diamond in the rough 6 viselike grip 7 tried and true 8 in no uncertain terms a person with potential b harder to accomplish than to discuss c proven reliable d firm handshake e healthy and active f hardships g in clear language h completely honest Clichs are not meant to be taken literally To break the ice for example does not mean to crack a hole in a frozen pond It means to begin a process or to establish a starting place Study each sentence to determine the meaning of the boldfaced clich Then complete the definition 1 The mayor was on the fence about making the tough decision On the fence must mean B
31 2 Members of the fair sex lift only the lighter packages Members of the fair sex must be 3 We were at loose ends when the concert was canceled At loose ends must mean 4 Just after the accident the victim was at deaths door At deaths door must mean 5 Planning her graduation party kept Pat as busy as a bee As busy as a bee must mean 6 Our teachers point with pride at the honor roll students Point with pride must mean First underline the trite expressions Then rewrite the sentences replacing each clich with straightforward language 1 After straying from the straight and narrow path Lenny was embraced by the long arm of the law 2 As the curtain went up the actor felt butterflies in his stomach 3 We were exhausted but none the worse for wear after our hike in the mountains 4 Johnny added insult to injury by laughing when I fell on my face 16 C
32 An idiom is a combination of words that has a different meaning from the literal meaning of the words Every language has its own idioms People who are not native speakers are often confused by a new languages idioms EXAMPLES Come up to the attic with me literal Can you come up with an idea idiom Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldfaced idiom in each sentence below 1 Mario doesnt stand a chance of winning first place a cant stand up b have a good chance c understand his chance 2 One baby-sitter looks after all five children a takes care of b watches them leave c tries to find 3 My rsum plays up all my volunteer work a lists as recreation b treats as unimportant c emphasizes 4 Even when he was proved wrong Reggie refused to give in a give an excuse b make another try c admit his error Find an idiom in the box that makes sense in each sentence Write it on the line You will not use all the idioms turned out carried over run up sat in on work up turned off carried off run by sat on worked through 1 Rita paid cash because she didnt want to her credit card balance 2 The candidate tried to some interest in her campaign issues 17 IDIOMS A B
33 3 A good crowd for the company picnic 4 The plague nearly 100 people every day 5 The reporter the story instead of turning it in Add either a verb action word or a preposition word such as on by to out etc to complete each sentence below 1 If you drop of school you are sure to regret it 2 Stop at a station before we out of gas 3 Please up that phone number for me 4 in early and get a good nights sleep 5 Never eat a big meal before working 6 Shelly likes to sleep on Saturday mornings A number of English words are used as idioms all by themselves Write a letter to match each one-word idiom and its definition 1 Dad will foot the bill a anticipate 2 That mistake spelled disaster b believe 3 I dont buy his alibi c guaranteed 4 Andrea could smell victory d pay 5 Sal flew down the track e very successful 6 The movie was a smash f speeded 17 C D
34 Certain verbs are used in many idioms Two of these verbs are make and take Circle the idiom that makes sense in each sentence 1 Did the thief make over make away with your new TV 2 Elizabeth likes to make believe make out that she can fly 3 After our quarrel I wanted to make for make up with you right away 4 He could hardly make out make like the faded signature 5 Do you think Al can make do make it in the big leagues 6 We should make for make to home before it gets dark Write a letter to match each idiom on the left with the meaning it matches on the right 1 make out a head toward 2 make away with b reconcile with 3 make up c steal 4 make believe d succeed 5 make for e see recognize 6 make it f pretend 18 IDIOMS MAKE AND TAKE A B
35 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced idiom 1 Shanetha takes down notes when she conducts an interview a videotapes b writes c memorizes 2 Dad says hell take up golf when he retires a shorten b pursue c abandon 3 On our vacation we want to take in all the sights a visit b remember c tighten 4 At first Jon didnt take to the taste of sushi a learn to cook b become fond of c bring it home 5 If Pats idea takes off he could make a fortune a becomes popular b runs away c is patented 6 Some think that politician is on the take a troublesome b sly and crafty c accepts bribes Answer the questions in complete sentences 1 What does it mean to say that a child takes after his or her parent 2 Why might you be unhappy if you have to make do with something 3 What did Alicia do if she made over her car to her sister 18 C D
36 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced idiom 19 IDIOMS GO AND GET A 1 When my uncle became depressed he let himself go a allowed himself to leave b stopped taking care of himself c permitted himself to move around 2 Ralph ordered burgers and soft drinks to go a to be taken out b to save for later c to be delivered 3 If sales dont improve Jans business may go under a lose money b go underground c fail 4 Phil wouldnt go along with Harolds foolish plan a redesign b agree to c accompany 5 Nicole says she might have a go at redecorating her room a make an attempt b go shopping c be done with 6 Our lively little grandmother is always on the go a telling jokes b exercising c doing something Rewrite the sentences Replace each boldfaced word with the appropriate idiom from the box Hint You will not use all the idioms going around going with go in with go for go out for go backwards gone through go by 1 No matter how many years pass I will never forget him 2 How long has Spencer been dating Roxanne B
37 3 Have you ever experienced a life-threatening illness 4 Laurel decided to audition for the leading role 5 He might join his brother in buying a used car 6 Boy could I enjoy a glass of lemonade right now Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced idiom 19 C 1 Unlucky Brad never seems to get away with anything a escape punishment for wrongdoing b win a prize or an award c hide his emotions 2 It took Kirsten three weeks to get over her cold a get on top of b recover from c rise above 3 Raul always tries to get out of doing the dishes a get joy from b accept c escape 4 Can you get by if you miss one paycheck a manage to survive b buy anything c move around 5 Jos is plotting a way to get even with his cousin a catch up to b have revenge upon c balance out 6 Katie never seems to get around to writing thank-you notes a make room for b get nearer to c find time for
38 Members of certain professions or groups create their own words to describe the tools tasks or interests they share Over time these specialized vocabularies called jargonmay come into common usage EXAMPLES Struck out end run slam dunk sports jargon Can you find the jargon in each sentence Circle the term that makes sense Use a dictionary if you need help 1 To a tennis player the word affectionate love means zero 2 A pli ply is a move made by a ballerina 3 A politician zips up buttonholes a delegate in search of support 4 A bull bear market is bad news to a stockbroker 5 You neednt be royalty to get a cavity crown from the dentist 6 To a con man a potential victim is a mark martyr Some jargon is necessary because certain terms are too technical for general understanding Some jargon however is purposely used to confuse or impress outsiders This kind of jargon is sometimes called gobbledygook EXAMPLE Additional materials may be requisitioned gobbledygook Extra supplies may be ordered straightforward language Rewrite the sentences in simple straightforward language The first one has been done for you 1 A medley of assorted field greens will be presented 2 Redundant employees will be assisted with outplacement 3 Retrenching his position the mayor refused to yield 4 My address will commence with a humorous anecdote 20 JARGON A B A mixed salad will be served
39 Slang is an extremely informal variety of English It is much more appropriate in conversation than in writing Slang expressions originate within a particular group of peopleperhaps students musicians or athletesand then either spread to other groups or quickly die out Some use of slang makes spoken English more vivid and colorful In general however it is wise to limit the use of slang in written work EXAMPLES Standard arrested lose your temper excited Slang busted blow up fired up Write two current slang terms for each standard word below The first one has been done for you 1 money 2 automobile 3 to fail 4 astounding 5 a fool 6 unfashionable Read the sentences Replace the boldfaced slang expressions with standard English words Write the words on the lines 1 If hes still bugging you tell him to get lost 2 The playwright was bummed out when his play flopped 3 Ive had it with warming the bench three games in a row SLANG 21 A bread scratch B
40 Write T or F to tell whether each statement is true or false 1 The denotation of a word is the meaning found in the dictionary 2 A euphemism is used to make something serious seem silly or ridiculous 3 The attitudes and feelings associated with a word are its connotation 4 Slang expressions are perfectly appropriate in both formal and informal writing 5 A trite expression has a different meaning from the literal meaning of the words 6 All languages have the same idioms Write a sentence using each idiom correctly 1 turned off 2 put down Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence 1 Dentures Choppers is a euphemism for false teeth 2 It is a clich an idiom to say that you nipped a problem in the bud 3 As a euphemism for the word stole you could use the word plundered borrowed 4 Trite language is substandard commonplace rather than fresh and original 5 The slang word nuts insane can replace the word crazy 6 The phrase Keep your eye on the ball is slang jargon that originated among baseball players A B C 4 UNIT REVIEW
41 Anglo-Saxon the earliest form of the English language has not been spoken for nearly 1000 years Since then many of those words have been lost Yet the basic words that English speakers use today were handed down from Old English Among these ancient words are the following nouns home father mother cow love hate verbs swim listen tell buy sell go parts of the body head knee hand foot elbow numbers hundred twenty one to ten Through the course of history the Old English speakers came in close contact with speakers of other languages Sometimes the contact was made by trading goods Sometimes it was made through war or exploration of distant lands Yet every contact developed and enriched the English vocabulary as new words were borrowed from other languages Here is a small sample of borrowed words that have come into everyday English Latin lily cap sock explore Greek alphabet grammar logic Spanish mesa patio mosquito French corner haunt pleasant Scandinavian link race take Hindi bungalow shampoo jungle Arabic cotton algebra hazard Dutch cruise freight yacht Write one of the borrowed words listed above to correctly complete each sentence After each sentence write the source of the word Use a dictionary if you need help 1 The form of mathematics called uses letters for unknown numbers in equations 2 A is a large high rock with steep sides and a flat top 3 One of the rings or loops that forms a chain is called a 4 A small one-story house with an attic is called a 5 The is the beautiful white flower that is said to represent purity BORROWED WORDS 22 A WORD ORIGINS FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 5
42 B 22 BORROWED WORDS C 1 6 5 4 2 3 Sorry but Im using all of mine right now May I borrow a word please Many of the foods and spices that came to us from other countries still have their original names Write a letter to match the name of each food item with its original language source Use a dictionary if you need help 1 ravioli a German 2 quiche b African 3 sukiyaki c Italian 4 tortilla d French 5 sauerkraut e Scandinavian 6 borscht f Hawaiian 7 egg g Spanish 8 okra h Japanese 9 tea i Russian 10 poi j Chinese Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle Hint Answers are food items listed in Part B ACROSS 2 vegetable with green pods that is used in soups and stews 5 very thin baked pancake made of cornmeal or flour 6 custard pie made of cheese and eggs DOWN 1 cooked mix of taro root and water pounded into a paste 3 dough pockets filled with meat or cheese served with sauce 4 beverage made by soaking dried leaves in boiling water
43 Etymology is the study of a words origins and historical development Over time a words form and meaning can change a lot Some form of the word nice for example has been used for 700 years At one time or another nice was used to mean foolish lazy modest refined slender critical accurate and appetizing In a dictionary a words etymology usually appears in brackets just before its definition EXAMPLE geography je-og r -fe n pl -phies Lat geographia lt Gk geographia ge earth graphein to write 1 Study of the earth and its features Each etymology below identifies the source of a states name Write the name of the state on the line The first one has been done for you 1 after JERSEY the British island in the English Channel 2 Choctaw okla people homma red 3 Spanish abounding in flowers so named by Ponce de Leon 4 Algonquian massa-adchu-es-et at the big hill 5 Papago Arizonac little springs 6 French Ouisconsin name of the river Use the information in the etymologies above to help you answer the questions 1 The names of which three states are rooted in the languages of North American Indians 2 Which state was named by the explorer who was seeking the fabled Fountain of Youth 3 Which state was named for its 430-mile river that flows into the Mississippi WORD HISTORIES 23 A B New Jersey e
44 Some new English words have been formed by a simple process of combination A compound word is a combination of two or more shorter words Write a compound word to match each definition Join a word from box A with a word from box B A frost sling B pipe shot thumb letter bitten ware jay golden tack box mail silver walk head left tail rod over 1 a companys official stationery 2 eating utensils 3 vents automobile exhaust 4 food remaining after a meal 5 common weed with small yellow flowers 6 cross a street against the signal 7 receptacle for letters 8 damaged by extreme cold 24 COMPOUND WORDS A
45 9 shoots stones with a rubber band 10 fastener on a bulletin board First unscramble the words in the box Then use those words to complete the compounds in the sentences NUTHRED COLK GLEEDS RUFS GERING DIVEO 1 Cals new board can really ride the waves 2 It takes both hands to swing a heavy hammer 3 Ken will record that show on a cassette 4 jaw infects the blood through a cut or wound 5 The dog gets very frightened during a storm 6 I like the molasses flavor of a crisp snap cookie The smaller words in some compounds are connected by hyphens Study the boldfaced compounds If the word is correct write C If the word is not correct rewrite it with one or more hyphens Check a dictionary if youre not sure 1 Do you like to ice skate 4 Ed is a jack of all trades 2 That batter is a switch-hitter 5 The guide-post points north 3 Nobody likes a know it all 6 This is a letter quality printer 24 B C
46 Blends are new words created by combining part of one word with part of another EXAMPLE transfer resistor transistor Can you figure out the new word that was created from each word pair below Fill in the blanks 1 binary digit 4 blot botch 2 smoke fog 5 smack mash 3 television marathon What blends do you think were formed from the word pairs in the box Write sentences using any two of the blended words clap crash flutter hurry modulator demodulator 1 2 Clipped words have become shortened by common use as in plane for airplane Complete the puzzle with the clipped form of each clue word ACROSS 1 influenza 4 popular 6 intercommunication system 8 mathematics 9 examination DOWN 2 luncheon 4 telephone 7 gymnasium 3 dormitory 5 memorandum 10 advertisement 25 BLENDED CLIPPED AND COINED WORDS A B C 1 5 6 2 3 4 8 9 7 10
47 Write two sentences using the clipped form of any two of these words limousine veterinarian tuxedo referee 1 2 Words that are invented for a special use or occasion are called coined words Its easy to understand why new words are constantly being invented isnt it How else would we keep pace with our ever-changing world Write a letter to match each coined word on the left with its definition 25 D E 1 skyscraper 2 boondoggle 3 escalator 4 skyjacker a a meaningless or useless project or activity b one who uses force to take command of an airplane c a building so tall it seems to touch the clouds d a moving staircase Study the boldfaced words in the sentences After each sentence write blended clipped or coined to identify the boldfaced words 1 My Uncle Bill is a vet of the Vietnam War 2 That boy comes to school on a moped 3 The astronauts will set up a skylab 4 My psych class is right after lit class 5 The expression credibility gap means a lack of trust 6 The demonstrators staged a sit-in to protest discrimination 7 You can get that information on the Internet 8 Id rather eat an orange than a tangelo F
48 A number of foreign words and phrases are commonly used in English EXAMPLES cul-de-sac Frenchdead end vice versa Latinin reverse order Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldfaced word or words 26 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 1 Samuel Clemens nom de plume was Mark Twain a feathered hat b uncles name c pen name 2 US Marines are known for their esprit de corps a group spirit b vicious weapons c corpulent bodies 3 If your Latin teacher warns you that tempus fugit she means that a class is only temporary b a classmate is fugitive c time is flying by 4 If an actress is described as a prima donna she must be a arrogant and demanding b a great dancer c beloved by all 5 A fearful person prefers the status quo to anything new a old worn-out things b the way things already are c a constant state of change 6 The difference between pink and rose is only a slight nuance a price change b higher ranking c subtle distinction 7 Many restaurant patrons enjoy an hors doeuvre before dinner a appetizer b cocktail c moment of silence 8 Ernestos fiance will be moving here from Chicago a stockbroker b future bride c ex-girlfriend
49 A B C Write T or F to show whether each statement is true or false 1 You could find a words etymology in a dictionary 2 A compound word has been borrowed from another language 3 Blended words have been shortened by common usage 4 Many new words have been coined to keep up with advancements in science Circle the word or words that correctly complete each sentence 1 Guests who arrive en mass en route come in the door together 2 The words chunk and plump lump were blended to form the word clump 3 When you say Bon jour Bon voyage you are wishing someone a good day 4 Barndance Barnacle is an example of a compound word Use the borrowed words as clues to the language they came from Answers will be Arabic Chinese French German Greek Hindi Italian Japanese Latin or Spanish ACROSS 5 grammar alphabet logic 6 pizza ravioli violin 7 patio mesa tortilla 9 sukiyaki sushi teriyaki 10 chow mein tea chopsticks DOWN 1 pleasant quiche omelet 2 sauerkraut hamburger 3 shampoo jungle dinghy 4 cap lily choir 8 hazard cotton algebra 1 6 3 4 5 2 10 9 7 8 UNIT REVIEW 5
50 Clearly a good dictionary is a vocabulary-builders most important resource Tired or lazy students often say its too much trouble to look up an unfamiliar word Thats why its worthwhile to learn the easiest way to find the information you want Here are some helpful hints The quickest way to get on the right page is to use the guide words You will see two guide words at the top of each page in the dictionary The guide word on the left shows the first word listed on that page The guide word on the right shows the last word listed Words that fall between the guide words can be found on that page 937 remarry remodel REFERENCE BOOKS FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 6 27 THE DICTIONARY A Suppose you are in a hurry to look up the words listed on the left Read through the guide words listed on the right Identify the page you want by drawing a line between each word on the left with the correct pair of guide words The first one has been done for you 1 receptive a buffet bulk 2 budge b receiver reckon 3 buffoon c electro- elevation 4 misanthrope d recruitment redheaded 5 egalitarian e buckle buffer 6 elegy f efficient eh 7 millennium g miniscule miscarry 8 recumbent h mill mince remarry re mer e verb 1 to marry again Kathleen remarried two years after the death of her first husband reminisce rem nis verb 1 to think talk or write about things from ones own past Mom and Dad like to reminisce about the good old days of their childhood pardon 2 the act of freeing or the condition of being freed from debt tax etc 3 the process of becoming less strong or active remission of a fever 4 the disappearance of the symptoms of a disease cancer that is in remission e e
51 The complete listing for each word in the dictionary is called an entry Study the excerpt from the dictionary page on page 50 Then write T or F to show whether each statement below is true or false 1 A dictionary entry gives the words spelling definition and pronunciation 2 A dictionary entry does not identify the number of syllables in a word 3 The first word defined on this page of the dictionary is reminisce 4 Of the three entry words defined in the excerpt two are nouns and one is a verb 5 There are three syllables in each of the entry words 6 Examples of correct usage are not provided in these dictionary entries Use one of the entry words from the excerpt on page 50 to complete each sentence 1 It is impossible to about future events 2 Sometimes people who have been divorced later decide to 3 You will be relieved of a financial burden if your creditor grants you Write an original sentence for each word 1 remarry 2 reminisce 3 remission B 27 C D
52 Most dictionaries show a pronunciation key at the bottom of each two-page spread The symbols and example words in the key can help you determine the correct way to say a word out loud a pat a ape a car e pet e me er term i bit i ice o hot o open o for oi boil ou out u cup u put u rule ch child ng long sh she th thin th then zh measure a in about e in item i in pencil o in lemon u in circus Add two more example words for each sound 1 the th sound in thin 2 the sound of o in hot 3 the oi sound in boil 4 the u sound in put 5 the ng sound in long 6 the ch sound in child Using the pronunciation chart as a reference circle the word that correctly completes each sentence 1 The a sound in drapery dance is pronounced a 2 The a sound in marvelous is pronounced a a 3 The first e sound in the word even is pronounced e e and the second e sound is pronounced e 4 The letter o in atom is pronounced o 5 The letter s in the word pleasure is pronounced sh zh 6 The th sound in thousand therefore is pronounced th 28 DICTIONARY PRONUNCIATION KEY A B e e gt e
53 Where can you shop for the exact words to express an idea A full-size thesaurus which contains more than 250000 synonyms and antonyms is a good place to look Suppose you want a more colorful and expressive word for big First you would find big your idea word in the index at the back of the book That listing would suggest page numbers on which you could find synonyms EXAMPLE big immense vast enormous elephantine tremendous stupendous titanic monumental towering monstrous mammoth gigantic jumbo mountainous Read the idea words on the left and the suggested synonyms from a thesaurus on the right Choose the most accurate appropriate synonym to complete each phrase Write it on the line 1 small microscopic diminutive itsy-bitsy The senator made a powerful speech 2 disobedient revolutionary rebellious mutinous The child ignored his mothers warning 3 looked glared glimpsed gawked peeped The principal at the boys who were fighting 4 endless immortal interminable infinite The long boring speech seemed to be 5 changed innovated degenerated reformed reversed The judges ruling was in appeals court 6 power superiority authority might vigor Who has the to make a firm decision 7 leaped hurdled pounced vaulted skipped The mouse on the tiny speck of cheese A THE THESAURUS 29
54 Suppose you have looked up the boldfaced words in a thesaurus Label the suggested synonyms for each idea word Write F if the word or phrase is formal I if it is informal S if it is slang or FL if it is from a foreign language 1 good-bye farewell adios later dude so long 2 knowledgeable au courant in the know erudite well-informed 3 mistake blunder faux pas goof misfeasance 4 discover detect perceive eureka get hip to 5 confidential entr nous off the record undisclosable under wraps 6 conversation discourse tete--tete chat rap session THE THESAURUS 29 B
55 Read the entry words in the box Show where each word could be found in the dictionary Write the entry words under the correct guide words jaded jinx jabber jaundice jetsam jackal jealous jiffy jello 1 jet jobless 2 janitor jelly 3 jab jail Study each entry word listed Show what you know by filling in the blanks and circling the correct words 1 tarry ter e v to stay for a while NUMBER OF SYLLABLES PART OF SPEECH RHYMES WITH cry bury SYNONYM linger depart 2 fairly fer le adv in an honest way NUMBER OF SYLLABLES PART OF SPEECH RHYMES WITH barely fiery SYNONYM simply justly 3 laughter laf t r n the sound of laughing NUMBER OF SYLLABLES PART OF SPEECH RHYMES WITH slaughter rafter SYNONYM shriek giggles Cross out the word that would not be listed in a thesaurus for each entry word 1 doctor sawbones physician wizard healer 2 lawyer apprentice attorney mouthpiece counsel 3 permit allow tolerate greenlight prohibit 4 legitimate bona fide legal bogus authentic 5 scorn disparage snub diss validate A e B C UNIT REVIEW 6
56 This lesson will introduce you to some common terms from the fields of art and music Write a letter to match each word on the left with its definition on the right 1 instruments a a musical performance for an audience 2 skyscapes b a hard light colored kind of limestone 3 marble c artistic representations of people 4 recital d devices used to make musical sounds 5 portraits e pictures portraying views of the sky Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word Hint The word in italics may be helpful as a context clue 1 Jazz musicians often improvise as they play a tune a make up new parts b take turns c impress others 2 A large museum usually contains many galleries a comfortable benches b special lights c exhibit halls 3 The scenery shown in a landscape reflects natures beauty a tiny details b outdoor views c interior thoughts 4 Sculpture is a three-dimensional form of art a having depth as well b curved and c three-step production as height and width flowing process 5 Brass instruments like trumpets are made of metal but string instruments like violins are made of wood a played with lips b played with c played with a pick and breath sticks bow or fingers TOPICAL VOCABULARY FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 UNIT 7 30 ART AND MUSIC A B
57 Use words from the facing page to correctly complete the sentences 1 The four common ways of making a are modeling carving casting and construction 2 David Michelangelos most famous statue is carved from 3 The Guggenheim in New York City exhibits a wonderful collection of abstract art 4 John Constable a master of painting specialized in scenes of the English countryside 5 Rembrandts are said to reveal the inner character of the people he painted 6 Some of Joseph Turners best are watercolors of magnificent sunsets 7 The music we know as was first played by African-Americans in the streets of New Orleans 8 Their cornets clarinets and trombones had belonged to the army during the Civil War 9 For a world tour in 1897 Sousa had an enormous instrument constructeda tuba more than 7 feet tall 10 In 1991 an amazing Romanian pianist gave her last public at the age of 103 C 30
58 Here are some basic terms that all workers should know Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldfaced word in each sentence Then write a sentence of your own in which you define or give an example of the boldfaced word 1 A Social Security Number is a prerequisite for most jobs a necessary step or condition before another step can be taken b desired but not required qualification for being hired 2 Lindas test shows that she has an aptitude for teaching a developed skill b natural talent 3 A new employees performance will often be evaluated after six months on the job a reviewed for quality b tested for speed 4 Employees that show reliability and initiative are likely to be promoted a the ability to get things done without being told what to do b enough aggressiveness to scold co-workers for their mistakes Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence Check a dictionary if youre not sure of a words meaning 1 Employers Entrepreneurs risk their own money to organize a business venture 31 EMPLOYMENT A B
59 2 An apprentice applicant learns a trade by helping a journeyman 3 It usually takes four years of study to earn a Bachelor of Science license degree 4 A grief guidance counselor can help you clarify your career goals 5 Senility Seniority in a workplace is sometimes rewarded with special privileges 6 After 30 years of employment a government worker may be eligible for forced into retirement 7 Many plumbers carpenters and electricians are members of trade utilities unions 8 An intern introvert in a professional workplace receives lots of training but very little pay Read each boldfaced phrase Check a dictionary if youre not sure what it means Then show the meaning of each phrase in an original sentence 1 seasonal employment 2 manual labor 3 customer service 4 human resources department 5 pension plan C 31
60 Are you ad-wise The words in this lesson are sure to make you better informed As you read the sentences notice the words in parentheses Use a dictionary if youre not sure of the meaning Next circle the word that correctly completes each sentence and use it in a sentence of your own 1 Two well-known company mascots logos are the Nike swoosh and the CBS eye 2 A print ad usually combines cleverly written copy brands and an eye-catching illustration 3 The No-Sweat Air Conditioning Company mails out bulletins brochures about the middle of May 4 Should a company that advertises beer be allowed to exaggerate sponsor a TV show watched by children 5 A complete ad commercial campaign includes print ads TV ads and sometimes celebrity appearances 6 The most effective product jingles markets are repeated so often they become unforgettable 32 ADVERTISING A
61 Write a letter to match each advertising term on the left with examples of it on the right 32 B 1 packaging 2 buzz words 3 brands 4 classified ads 5 benefits 6 features a Luxomobile Dirt Death O-So-Sweet b spray can cardboard box glass bottle c lite natural miracle d saves money easy to operate no messy clean-up e used cars houses for rent employment opportunities f magic ingredient 100 guaranteed breakthrough design What advertising technique emphasizes words such as upscale prestige and executive Use the clues to complete the puzzle The answer will read from top to bottom 1 also called want ads 2 short campaign song that rhymes 3 ad pamphlet used as a hand-out 4 name of commercial product 5 series of promotional ads 6 business that pays for the TV or radio show on which it advertises 7 written product description 8 reasons to buy that emphasize helpfulness 9 reasons to buy that distinguish one product from another 10 a companys recognizable trademark C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C J B B C S C B F L
62 Are you familiar with basic terms from the three major branches of science Complete the sentences with words from the box For help check a dictionary species friction fossil minerals trench cell glacier habitat gas lever 33 SCIENCE A 1 Water vapor is a 2 A dinosaur bone is a 3 Water is a fishs 4 A crowbar is a kind of 5 Copper and iron are 6 Homo sapiens is the human 7 In machines oil limits 8 Icebergs break off a 9 An amoeba has just one 10 Movement in Earths crust can create a Complete the crossword puzzle with words from Part A 1 state of matter with no definite shape or volume 3 remains of an ancient plant or animal 4 smallest classification of living things within a kingdom 5 one of the tiny basic units that make up all living matter 7 the place where a living thing is normally found 8 substance in the earth that was never a plant or animal 1 huge mass of moving ice and snow 2 deep valley in the Earths crust 3 the force that slows down or stops motion ACROSS DOWN B 6 simple machine made of a rod that turns on a support G T FS SCS N C C L HBT R V MN L 1 5 6 4 2 3 8 7
63 Read the sentences Fill in each blank with the correct job title You will not use all the titles in the box biologist chemist geologist Emergency Medical Technician optician optometrist podiatrist EKG technician 1 Ray is a He uses his knowledge of the Earths crust to locate underground deposits of oil 2 Holly is an She fits contact lenses under the supervision of an 3 Megan is a Workers in her laboratory are developing a new formula for oil-free makeup 4 Lawrence is a He studies the environmental impact of industrial waste disposal 5 Stella is an She gives urgent care to victims of heart attacks and accidents 6 Fabiola is an She measures a patients resting blood pressure before a treadmill test Circle the words that correctly complete each sentence 1 Before transporting transmitting a patient to the hospital Stella may have to incarcerate immobilize a fracture 2 Holly uses special pliers and screwdrivers to adjust advise and repair the lenses cases of eyeglasses 3 The studies Lawrence writes help protect enraged endangered animals from pollution poachers 4 Before beginning any test Fabiola takes the patients medical temperature history and explains the results procedure A SCIENCE CAREERS 34 B
64 You have many options when you choose words to express yourself Are you familiar with these figures of speech They can make your writing much more expressive and interesting simile uses like or as in stating a comparison between two unlike things The expensive leather was as smooth as butter metaphor implies a comparison between two unlike things without using like or as Habits are first cobwebs then cables personification attributes the characteristics of a human being to an animal a thing or an idea The wind whispered all night at the window Write S M or P to show whether each sentence below is a simile a metaphor or personification 1 My new book begged to be read immediately 2 The rows of tulips stood like soldiers on parade 3 Like a curious child the moon peeped in the window 4 Happiness is a warm puppy 5 The trees leafy arms sheltered us from the storm 6 That geometry test was a nightmare The terms oxymoron and onomatopoeia are probably unfamiliar Chances are however that you have used these figures of speech without knowing what they were called oxymoron an expression that combines opposites to make a seeming contradiction The silence was deafening onomatopoeia words that imitate the sounds they denote I heard a hiss of steam Write each words in the box under the correct heading Then add an example of your own in each column wise fool buzz ooze cheerful pessimist 1 OXYMORON 2 ONOMATOPOEIA 35 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE A B
65 Do you have the vocabulary to describe the weather with skill and accuracy Use words from the box to complete the sentences Do not use any word more than once Hint You will not use all the words lightning sunny tornadoes rained temperature arctic storm tropics wind Fahrenheit humidity volcano weather snow thermometer hailstone summer degrees arid meteorologists 1 The fastest change on record happened about 70 years ago in Spearfish South Dakota In just two minutes the reading went from 4 to 45 a rise of 49 2 During a severe at Coffeeville Kansas a weighing more than one and a half pounds struck the ground 3 Because said that June 2 was the most consistently day on the calendar Queen Elizabeth chose that day for her coronation in 1953 As usual they were wrong it that day 4 Every year kills more Americans about 400than any other natural disaster 5 An average of 140 occurs every year in the United States 6 In 1816 there was no in many areas of the world In New England stayed on the ground all year Dust from the eruption of a in Indonesia had apparently blocked the rays of the sun 7 The highest velocity ever recorded on Earth 231 miles per hourswept across New Hampshires Mount Washington in 1934 The consistently bad there is caused by the clash of two storm tracks one from the torrid and one from the frigid WEATHER 36
66 Here are some words a person must know to pass a drivers license exam Use a word from the box to correctly complete each sentence merge right-of-way restraint weaving carpooling towing lane pedestrian limits parallel low beam high beam 1 When you park your wheels must be within 18 inches of the curb 2 You must drive in the right-hand lane if you are a vehicle 3 On a drivers license exam a seat belt may be referred to as a 4 Pedestrians at corners always have the 5 You will save fuel by driving in the with smoothest flow of traffic 6 Stop for any before driving across a sidewalk to enter a driveway 7 helps to reduce heavy commute traffic 8 Drivers who continually change lanes may be ticketed for 9 Use your headlights whenever it is raining 10 Unless absolutely necessary dont stop before you with freeway traffic 11 You may use your headlights when there is no oncoming traffic on a dark street 12 All speed are based on ideal driving conditions 37 DRIVING A
67 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word Use context clues for help 1 If you are convicted of hit-and-run driving the state will revoke your driving privilege a reconsider b take away c reinstate 2 If you are repeatedly convicted for negligent driving your license can be suspended by a judge a withdrawn for a time b torn up c given to someone else 3 Whether the vehicle you purchase is new or used it must be registered with the state a bike trike etc b hood fender etc c auto big rig etc 4 If you drive with only your parking lights on you are a violator of the law a violent driver b victim c breaker What driving practice helps to control air pollution Use the clues to complete the words The answer will read from top to bottom 1 car truck motorcycle 2 parked along a curb 3 seat belt 4 made temporarily invalid 5 permanently canceled 6 law-breaker 7 vehicles path on roadway 8 fastest legal speed 9 pulling a trailer or boat behind you 10 entering the flow of traffic 37 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V P R S R V L L T M C
68 The words in this lesson will help you answer who what when and where questions about our countrys past and present Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence 1 Pilgrims Pioneers came to America in search of religious freedom 2 Overcrowding has been caused by the rapid growth of colonies cities 3 Most of the United States enjoys a temperate tropical climate 4 Americas Civil Revolutionary War was fought from 1861 to 1865 5 There are active rain forests volcanoes today in the states of Alaska Hawaii and Washington 6 The United States is located in the Earths northern troposphere hemisphere 7 The Lewis and Clark Expedition Expansion mapped the vast territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase 8 Americas first transcontinental highway railroad was completed in 1869 9 Ranches forests and mines are usually found in urban rural areas 10 The source mouth of a river is the place where it flows into a larger body of water Use words from Part A to complete the sentences 1 The of the Mississippi is near New Orleans 2 Myles Standish and John Alden are well-known 38 AMERICAN HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY A B
69 3 Boston was the largest city in the New England 4 Two of the active in the United States are Mauna Loa and Mount Saint Helens 5 George Washington was the most famous general in Americas War 6 Today only about 30 percent of Americans live in areas 7 Florida and Arizona represent two different kinds of climates 8 Westward destroyed vast herds of American buffalo Use the boldfaced words in sentences of your own Try to write sentences that define or give examples of the boldfaced word 1 temperate 2 urban 3 pioneers 4 hemisphere 5 a rivers source 38 C
70 All good citizens should know the basic terms used to describe the organization and function of government Write a letter to match each term on the left with its definition on the right 39 GOVERNMENT A 1 governor 2 legislation 3 mayor 4 democracy 5 civil service 6 constitution a laws that are made or proposed b government employment c elected leader of the executive branch of state government d person elected as chief executive of a city e a written set of laws the rules of a government f government of a country by its own people Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 The congresswoman receives many letters from her constituents a drafters of b her closest aides c people who elected new laws and associates her to represent them 2 Walter Cho has been a senator for three terms a length of time b short-term c interminable elected to serve campaigns appointments 3 Taxes may be levied by federal state or local governments a reduced or b imposed on c declared eliminated citizens unconstitutional 4 Members of the presidents Cabinet are his closest advisers a family members b prominent c heads of the and longtime members of 14 executive friends Congress departments 5 Some mayors have the power to veto laws passed by the city council a forbid or stop an b completely rewrite c ask the public act of government a bad law for approval 6 A bureaucrat follows rules without asking questions or making exceptions a radical b appointed government c member of the dissenter official Communist Party B
71 Suppose you are applying for a loan a job or some kind of license You will need to know certain words that commonly appear on forms and applications Circle words to correctly complete the sentences Use a dictionary for help 1 George lists his wife Amy as his supervisor spouse and his two children as his dependents independents 2 As Jacobs last surname supervisor Mrs Fox would make a good reference reversal for him 3 Clerks who handle large amounts of money must often be bonded budgeted 4 Aggies loan will be approved when she finishes furnishes the deed key to her house 5 Teddys legal label first name is Theodore and his nickname surname is Witherspoon 6 As an alternate alien Vo is not allowed to vote 7 Maurice is a proud veteran vagrant of the US Marine Corps 8 A job application might ask Have you ever been convicted of a fellowship felony Use the clues to complete the puzzle Answers are words from Part A ACROSS 1 to supply something requested 2 person you are married to 4 insured against an employers loss 7 your familys name 8 legal document showing property ownership 9 one who has served in the armed forces DOWN 1 serious crime such as murder 3 person who directs your work 5 person that you support 6 a citizen of another country A FORMS AND APPLICATIONS 40 B 1 6 4 5 2 3 8 7 9
72 Write a letter to match each boldfaced item on the left with a purpose or use on the right 41 COMPUTERS A 1 modem 2 cursor 3 technician 4 program 5 monitor 6 peripherals 7 file 8 graphics a displays the work you are currently doing b makes a pie chart to show how budget money is spent c collects and stores all the letters youve written to one person d allow you to print copies play a game or scan artwork e tells your computer what to do f regularly services all the computers in an office g blinks to show where you stopped working h electronically submits your tax return to the IRS What field will offer great new career opportunities in the 21st century Use the clues to complete the puzzle The answer will read from top to bottom 1 accessories such as printers or modems that can be connected to a computer 2 collected information stored as a unit 3 a set of instructions to the computer 4 computer-generated pictures charts or graphs 5 device that screens a video display of computer input and output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P F P G M M C T 6 device that permits computers to exchange information over telephone lines 7 flashing indicator on the screen that shows where next character to be typed will appear 8 person who repairs computer hardware B
73 Use words from the box to complete the paragraphs Hint You will not use all the words in the box programs science maintain systems hardware scientists animate applications revise operation software programmers Two Types of Programmers programmers usually specialize in business engineering or They create to handle specific jobs such as inventory control They may also an existing program to meet an additional need programmers the software that controls the of an entire computer system They often help applications determine the source of problems that may occur with their systems Circle two words to correctly complete each sentence 1 Hardware Hard copy is designed by computer technicians engineers 2 A mouse menu is a list of choices that appear on your computers memory monitor 3 A printer program called a browser backup gives you access to the Internet 4 You must get on the Internet database in order to send and receive e-mail snail mail 41 C D
74 As a group all forms of print and electronic communication are called the media Use media words from the box to complete the newspaper article Hint You will not use all the words editor circulation radio subscriptions series columnist reporter publisher star television article interview Ben Snoopin formerly the popular entertainment 1 on 2 station KXFX has gotten off to a great start at HOT FROM HOLLYWOOD HOTs 3 Burt Blatt credits his sizzling new 4 for increased home 5 that doubled the magazines 6 in just six months Bens 7 with rapper I R Tite was nothing less than sensational said Snoopins 8 E Z Fixx Because of that column Fixx continued everyone in America will be tuning in to Tites outrageous new TV 9 Use the clues to solve the crossword puzzle Answers are from Part A ACROSS 2 one who corrects refines and polishes a writers work 5 home delivery of a magazine or newspaper 7 average number of magazines or newspapers regularly sold 8 meeting at which a reporter asks a person questions 9 a sequence of TV programs featuring the same characters DOWN 1 electronic broadcast of sounds from a station to many receivers 3 one who gathers and writes about news for a newspaper radio or TV 4 person or business that prepares brings out and sells books magazines or a newspaper 6 newspaper or magazine writer whose name is featured over his or her regularly published written pieces 42 MEDIA A B 1 5 6 4 2 3 9 8 7
75 Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence Use a dictionary if you need help 1 Reporters often begin their careers at small positions publications rather than at national magazines 2 A professional photographer publicist works with filters tripods and lenses 3 A recording engineer camera operator operates a control panel to produce special sound effects 4 The producer director of a movie conducts rehearsals 5 Disc jockeys and sportscasters usually begin their careers as salespersons announcers at small stations 6 Beginning authors often have trouble finding an agent assistant to sell their work to publishers 7 Editorial Technical writers can translate scientific jargon into readily understandable language 8 People who choose public relations word processing as a career must be able to motivate others Draw a line to match each job on the left with one of its typical tasks on the right 1 director a reports football scores 2 author b videorecords a live news event 3 technical writer c makes suggestions to actors 4 sportscaster d outlines events in a plot 5 camera operator e asks listeners to phone in requests 6 disc jockey f writes copy describing a machine A MEDIA CAREERS 43 B
76 How sports savvy are you Test your knowledge in this lesson Use words from the box to complete the sentences Hint You will not use all the words rounds sport fouled seasons batters regulation gloves basketball overtime golf baseball pitcher no hitter hurler vaulter fielder 1 invented in 1891 by James Naismith is the only major entirely of American origin 2 When landing a pole s leg joints may absorb up to 20000 pounds of pressure per square inch 3 Between 1882 and 1887 Hugh L Daly was the winning in 74 games including a In one game he struck out 19 not bad for a man with only one arm 4 New Yorks Metropolitan Museum of Art houses the worlds largest collection of cards 200000 5 Before 1900 prize fights could last more than 100 Since no were used in those days opponents fought with bare knuckles 6 There are more than 10000 courses in the United States 7 Although a game in the National Basketball Association is 48 minutes Wilt Chamberlain averaged more than 48 minutes per gamebecause of periods It is also amazing that in his pro Wilt the Stilt never once out of a game 44 SPORTS
77 Do you have the basic vocabulary to describe plant and animal life Use words from the box to complete the sentences For help check a dictionary omnivorous carnivorous herbivorous deciduous prey predator cones roots 1 animals such as deer and horses feed mainly on vegetable matter 2 Mice and birds are the of cats 3 A plant is anchored to the ground by its 4 A lions diet does not include grass or leaves it is 5 Some evergreen trees bear that contain seeds 6 A tree sheds its leaves every year 7 The bear eats grasses and berries as well as the flesh of animals 8 The bear is a of salmon Circle words to correctly complete each sentence 1 The cantankerous carnivorous pitcher plant exudes nectar on its claws leaves to attract insects insights 2 While ventilating hibernating a woodchuck breathes eats only ten times an hour 3 A single winter rye plant primate can produce 387 miles of roots blooms in two cubic feet of seed soil 4 The digestive sense organs of a shark can detect one part mammalian mastodon blood in 100 million parts of water A PLANTS AND ANIMALS 45 B
78 Use words from the box to complete the sentences Hint You will use each word only once circulation rounds reference expedition habitat parallel initiative browser friction 1 Periods in a baseball game are called innings but periods in a boxing match are called 2 If a magazine has a huge it can charge top prices for advertisements 3 A program such as Netscape Navigator will enable you to surf the World Wide Web 4 A teacher whose class you failed would not make a good on your rsum 5 Explorers may travel thousands of miles when they go off on an 6 When a driver aligns her vehicle alongside a curb she is parking 7 Ball bearings are used to limit between the parts of a machine 8 Many lizards toads and snakes are able to thrive in a desert 9 An employee who regularly makes good suggestions is showing A 7 UNIT REVIEW
79 Write a letter to match each term on the left with the correct definition or example on the right 1 gallery a studio technician 2 aptitude b voters 3 recording engineer c neither extremely hot nor cold 4 graphics d exhibition hall 5 veteran e videogame characters 6 constituents f natural ability 7 temperate g former army sergeant Use the clues to help you complete the puzzle Answers are words you learned in this unit ACROSS 1 words in an advertisement 3 all forms of print and electronic communication 6 a person who is not yet a citizen 7 qualified for 9 painting of outdoor scenery 11 in the countryside 12 They came for religious freedom DOWN 1 works with test tubes in a lab 2 choices shown on a monitor 4 driver who runs a stop sign 5 compares without like or as 8 orchestra section with horns 10 orchestra section with cellos and violins B C C M M V A E B L S R P 1 5 6 3 4 2 12 11 9 10 7 8 UNIT REVIEW 7
80 Circle a letter to identify a synonym word that means the same for each boldfaced word Check your answers at the bottom of the page Pretest your knowledge of synonyms and antonyms A 1 To divulge the answer a guess c reveal b disguise d suspect 2 a minute amount a timely c mistaken b tiny d measured 3 a captivated audience a restless c captured b motivated d interested 4 a clever pseudonym a nickname c pen name b last name d code word 5 a poignant story a hilarious c boring b touching d pointed 6 a perplexing situation a puzzling c exceptional b perfect d interesting 7 to verify a solution a dilute c reverse b evaluate d confirm 8 to allay all doubt a relieve c lie about b suspend d engender Underline the antonym word that means the opposite of each boldfaced word 1 cold chilling lukewarm glacial scorching 2 hopeful heartening despondent expectant uncertain 3 necessary dispensable desirable requisite demanded 4 mild soothing bland fragrant scathing B 1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 b 6 a 7 d 8 a Answers A 1 scorching 2 despondent 3 dispensable 4 scathing B PRETEST SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS AZ FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE PAGES 107112 8 UNIT
81 WORDS BEGINNING WITH A 46 A Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 The police officer will admonish the man for speeding a warn caution b plead beg c promote encourage 2 Heavy-duty sandpaper has an abrasive surface a strong stiff b wet slippery c rough scratchy 3 Brandons answer to the question was quite absurd a clever imaginative b silly ridiculous c deep thoughtful 4 If you leave the door ajar someone may barge in a painted varnished b shut closed c open gaping 5 Mrs Marz was appalled by her childrens wild behavior a amused pleased b inspired enlightened c disgusted upset 6 The Sahara Desert is an arid region a dry barren b airy odorless c huge immense 7 Suzannes arrogant manner annoys her classmates a artistic refined b prideful haughty c shy fearful Complete the crossword puzzle The answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words in Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 3 antonym of arid 6 antonym of arrogant 7 antonym of appalled DOWN 1 antonym of abrasive 2 antonym of absurd 4 antonym of ajar 5 anontym of admonish S S D L PON A K H B D TD 1 6 5 3 4 2 7 B
82 Find the word in the box that best completes each sentence Write it on the line Hint You will not use all the words blemish beguiled besmirched billowing bickering bolster bigoted barbaric burnished burdened besieged berated 1 The artist was by admirers who wanted to meet him 2 When Patrick was depressed I tried to his spirits 3 Most as is sale items have some kind of 4 People who live in primitive societies are usually 5 The coach the players for not trying hard enough 6 Mrs Henderson was by the salesmans empty promises 7 My dad wont allow any at the dinner table 8 The man stubbornly rejected any viewpoint but his own Circle a synonym and underline an antonym for each boldfaced word on the left 1 bickering eating quarreling pretending laughing 2 besieged ignored attracted applauded surrounded 3 barbaric eager crude civilized complex 4 bigoted gifted prejudiced dwarfish open-minded 5 blemish design varnish defect advantage 6 bolster support manage crush evaluate 7 beguiled blessed tricked amused informed 8 berated criticized reported commended quizzed 47 WORDS BEGINNING WITH B A B
83 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 Until you confront bullies face-to-face they will torment you a give in to b stand up against c meet halfway 2 If you cant confirm that rumor it probably isnt true a prove to be true b disprove as false c believe 3 Im glad weve always had such a cordial relationship a distant cool b casual informal c warm friendly 4 Contrary to your opinion I think that candidate is excellent a in addition to b as opposed to c in sympathy with 5 Hello is our customary word of greeting a usual b rare c newest 6 The process of evaporation will condense milk a thin out b put it in cans c make denser thicker 7 After our teams victory the locker room was in chaos a shock and awe b wild disorder c turmoil grief Use the clues to help you complete the crossword puzzle The answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words in Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 2 antonym of confront 4 antonym of confirm 5 antonym of cordial 7 antonym of contrary DOWN 1 antonym of customary 3 antonym of condense 6 antonym of chaos WORDS BEGINNING WITH C 48 A U VD D Y HO L S D T A B R 1 5 6 4 2 3 7 B
84 Read the words in the box Then find a synonym and an antonym for the boldfaced word in each phrase Write the synonym on the left and the antonym on the right postpone easy vandalize uninhabitable disobedient drab attract cooperative discouraging showy receive populated redirect hasten restore contribute 1 to deflect attention 2 a dashing uniform 3 to derive income 4 a defiant attitude 5 to deface property 6 a desolate wilderness 7 a daunting task 8 to defer judgment Reread the phrases in Part A Then use four of the phrases in sentences of your own 1 2 3 4 49 WORDS BEGINNING WITH D A B
85 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 The Clarks extravagant spending habits have put them in debt a miserly b wasteful c long-standing 2 Vaccination has nearly eradicated the disease of smallpox a wiped out b inflamed c mutated 3 Her high hopes began to ebb as the votes were counted a accelerate b soar c lessen 4 When dark clouds emerge a storm is sure to follow a grow dense b come into view c f latten out 5 He can hardly wait to embark on his journey a start out b write about c make plans for 6 Mia couldnt help but exult in winning first place a boast brag b feel proud and happy c feel embarrassed about 7 A bit more salt would enhance the flavor of the beef stew a improve b detract from c overdo Use the clues to help you complete the crossword puzzle The answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words in Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 3 antonym of extravagant 6 antonym of eradicate 7 antonym of ebb DOWN 1 antonym of embark 2 antonym of emerge 4 antonym of exult 5 antonym of enhance WORDS BEGINNING WITH E 50 A R D T TG P S V R T I RS 1 6 5 3 4 2 7 B
86 Read the words in the box Then find a synonym and an antonym for the boldfaced word in each phrase Write the synonym on the left and the antonym on the right Hint You will not use all the words in the box aid prophetic fictitious thrifty forthright stubborn alleviate pliable hopeless strengthen weaken silly effective serious sabotage sneaky optional wasteful basic inconsequential 1 to fortify concrete 2 a fateful event 3 a futile argument 4 to facilitate growth 5 a frivolous reason 6 a frugal manager 7 a fundamental right 8 a furtive glance Think about the meaning of the phrases in Part A Then use any four of the phrases in sentences of your own 1 2 3 4 51 WORDS BEGINNING WITH F A B
87 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 Digging potatoes in the hot sun is grueling work a light easy b exhausting hard c healthy invigorating 2 The bloody crime scene was a ghastly sight to see a confused disorderly b ghostlike c horrible frightening 3 Such grandiose plans often lead to disappointment a overly ambitious b positive hopeful c realistic sensible 4 That device can gauge the exact amount of rainfall a estimate b measure c predict 5 A gullible person believes every claim and promise a knowledgeable b honest c easily fooled 6 Many teenage boys seem to have gargantuan appetites a very great b picky choosy c non-selective 7 She will glean whatever is salvageable from the ruins of the fire a clean b gather collect c dispose of toss Use the clues to help you solve the crossword puzzle Answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words in Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 1 antonym of grueling 4 antonym of ghastly 6 antonym of grandiose 7 antonym of gauge DOWN 2 antonym of gullible 3 antonym of gargantuan 5 antonym of glean WORDS BEGINNING WITH G 52 A RS U S CA I S M T G S R 1 6 4 5 3 2 7 B
88 The boldfaced words in the sentences have gotten all mixed up First find the correct word in another sentence Then rewrite the sentence using the correct word 1 The squirrels have been haggling acorns for weeks 2 The toys were hospitably tossed onto the shelf 3 My uncle enjoys hoarding over the price of a used car 4 He will pay a hypocritical fine for driving without a license 5 We were welcomed most haphazardly by the hotel manager 6 Her hefty remarks seem to have fooled everybody Circle the antonym and underline the synonym of each word on the left 1 haphazardly carefully randomly rudely precisely 2 hospitably warmly sickly forcefully coldly 3 hefty exact large slight fair 4 haggling discussing arguing about spending agreeing on 5 hoarding piling up eating turning down donating 6 hypocritical insincere playful earnest blaming 53 WORDS BEGINNING WITH H A B
89 Write a letter to match the boldfaced word in each phrase with its synonym word that means the same 1 the idle students a furious 2 an imperative assignment b stir up 3 to impede progress c bungling 4 an inept mechanic d required 5 an irate customer e lazy 6 to instigate unrest f disobedient 7 an insubordinate soldier g obstruct Choose an antonym word that means the opposite from the box for each word in Part A Write the antonym on the line Then use the word from Part A in a sentence of your own soothe promote optional skillful industrious compliant calm 1 antonym of instigate 2 antonym of idle 3 antonym of irate 4 antonym of inept 5 antonym of imperative 6 antonym of insubordinant 7 antonym of impede WORDS BEGINNING WITH I 54 A B
90 Circle the synonym word that means the same of each boldfaced word Use a dictionary if you need help 1 The two drivers descriptions of the accident dont jibe a explain b agree c clarify 2 We hope the strong winds wont jeopardize the delicate seedlings a endanger b promote c reschedule 3 Rudys jest about Sals motives might have been misunderstood a joke b insult c recommendation 4 That surprising decision may be hard to justify a rethink or reverse b give good reasons for c stand up in court 5 As her disease worsened Jans skin became jaundiced a dry and flaky b bruised c yellowed 6 The winning jockey gave a jaunty wave to the crowd a cheerful b self-conscious c conceited 7 Its a mistake to be too judgmental about people you dont know well a impressed by b concerned about c critical of Draw a line to match each boldfaced word on the left with its antonym word that means the opposite on the right 1 jibe a downcast 2 jeopardized b prove false 3 jest c oath 4 justify d contradict 5 jaundiced e protected 6 jaunty f merciful 7 judgmental g rosy 55 WORDS BEGINNING WITH J A B
91 Think about the meanings of the boldfaced words Use a dictionary if you need help with their definitions Then circle the word or words that correctly complete the sentence 1 The keynote speaker sets the tone locks the door at a meeting 2 Kale and kohlrabi are two tropical diseases garden vegetables 3 Your kindred spirits are people very foreign similar to you 4 When McGregor plays the bagpipe he usually wears a kimono kilt 5 If he kindles the fire Arturo will extinguish stoke it 6 Your next of kin is in line after you your closest relative 7 Someone who ruins other peoples fun is a killjoy killdeer 8 Cleopatra probably wore kapok kohl as eye makeup 9 When a bell rings a death knell the sound is loud and clanging slow and solemn 10 You are being humbly submissive rudely disrespectful when you kowtow to the boss Many Yiddish words have become common in English Yiddish is a language spoken by many European Jews It developed from Hebrew and an old form of German Choose a word from the box to correctly complete each sentence Use a dictionary if you need help kabosh kosher kaput klutz 1 You should put the on your partners ridiculous idea 2 Under strict Jewish law only foods are fit to be eaten 3 A is someone whos especially clumsy and awkward 4 If your business goes its failed done for down the drain WORDS BEGINNING WITH K 56 A B
92 Write a letter to match the boldfaced word in each phrase with a synonym word that means the same on the right 1 to lament a loss a weaken 2 to feel lethargic b careless 3 to launch a project c dull 4 to languish in the heat d generous 5 a liberal allowance e grieve 6 lax law enforcement f begin 7 a lackluster performance g sluggish Choose an antonym word that means the opposite from the box for each boldfaced word in Part A First write the antonym on the line Then use it in a sentence of your own Hint You will not use all the words in the box brilliant energetic celebrate strict legal stingy puzzled terminate fair thrive 1 antonym of languish 2 antonym of launch 3 antonym of lackluster 4 antonym of lament 5 antonym of lethargic 6 antonym of lax 7 antonym of liberal 57 WORDS BEGINNING WITH L A B
93 Read the words in the box Then find a synonym and an antonym for the boldfaced word in each phrase Write the synonym on the left and the antonym on the right scanty attractive join soggy tiny unfeeling agreeable dismiss unhealthy disregard ample substantial repulsive dehydrated avoid summon sentimental stubborn wholesome ponder 1 a mulish attitude 2 to mull over an idea 3 a miniscule amount 4 to mingle with others 5 a magnetic personality 6 a marshy field 7 a maudlin movie 8 a meager supply 9 to muster troops 10 a morbid fascination Write sentences using any synonym-antonym pair from Part A The first one has been done for you 1 2 3 4 WORDS BEGINNING WITH M 58 A One member of the committee is stubborn but the others are quite agreeable B
94 Find a synonym in the box for each boldfaced word Write the synonym on the line Hint You will not use all the words in the box rough smooth quick nourish complicated unusual drab cancel sickening inexperienced 1 Molly has a novel idea for a short story 2 His cap was made of a nubby tweed fabric 3 Garth is somewhat nive in money matters 4 Her nondescript office was quite colorless 5 That ballot proposition would nullify existing law 6 You must nurture seedlings if you want them to grow 7 A noxious odor filled the auditorium 8 A truly witty person has a nimble mind Write a letter to match each word on the left with its antonym word that means the opposite on the right 1 nondescript a confirm 2 nubby b listless 3 nimble c neglect 4 nurture d silken 5 noxious e showy 6 nive f worn-out 7 nullify g refreshing 8 novel h sophisticated 59 WORDS BEGINNING WITH N A B
95 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word Use a dictionary if you need help 1 Someone with a positive attitude is usually optimistic about what the future holds a hopeless b hopeful c fearful 2 Governments that oppress their people must be reprimanded a harshly control b fully inform c indoctrinate 3 The ornate dome of the capitol is very impressive a arched b enormous c decorated 4 We will try to originate a totally fresh new approach to that problem a organize b create c enforce 5 If you stand in front of me you will obstruct my view a obscure b object to c structure 6 Her bad manners are offensive to all of us a intriguing b competitive c repellent Use the clues to help you complete the crossword puzzle Answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words in Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 1 antonym of obstruct 4 antonym of optimistic 5 antonym of ornate DOWN 1 antonym of offensive 2 antonym of oppress 3 antonym of originate WORDS BEGINNING WITH O 60 A B P L M PS C P A TG C 1 5 4 3 2
96 Find a synonym word that means the same in the box for each boldfaced word Write the synonym on the line Hint You will not use all the words putrid prudent ponder prosper perpetual peril panorama purge paltry preposterous 1 Speeders are a threat on our nations highways 2 Our store will thrive if we attract enough customers 3 Some wealthy people give only a trifling amount to charity 4 The rotten smell of garbage gives me a headache 5 The chairmans ridiculous plan to increase revenue will never work 6 An everlasting flame burns at John F Kennedys gravesite 7 The judge will carefully consider the facts before making a decision 8 It isnt sensible to go ice skating on thin ice Complete the crossword puzzle Notice that the clues are antonyms words that mean the opposite of the correct answers in Part A ACROSS 1 blessing 4 reasonable 6 disregard 7 foolhardy DOWN 1 temporary 2 substantial 3 wholesome 5 fail 61 WORDS BEGINNING WITH P A P LP P PPT U PD D L P D 1 6 4 5 3 2 7 B
97 Circle the word that makes sense in each sentence Use a dictionary if you need help 1 You could find plenty of rocks in a quarantine quarry 2 A quartz quasar timepiece is usually very accurate 3 The toastmasters quirks quips were very clever 4 Amusement park rides sometimes make him feel queasy quaint 5 If she has malaria she will need some quibble quinine 6 A quince quiche is mostly made of cheese and eggs 7 A querulous quizzical facial expression makes people laugh 8 Shes in a quandary quagmire about which college to attend Write the correct word choices from Part A that match each definition Use a dictionary if you need help 1 old-fashioned charming 2 hard yellow fruit used for jam 3 irritable complaining 4 mushy ground you can sink into 5 confinement to prevent contagion 6 to argue over trifling matters 7 starlike object that emits light waves 8 peculiar little habits WORDS BEGINNING WITH Q 62 A B
98 As you read the sentences think about the meanings of the boldfaced words Then in each sentence circle the synonym and underline the antonym of the boldfaced word 1 The consequences of a rash decision can be long-lasting delayed reckless inspired considerate thoughtful 2 The criminal felt remorse for his past life unhappy pride guilt wonder bitter 3 Duane and Bernie are rivals for the leading role participants backups competitors allies twins 4 Courtneys mom is reluctant to volunteer as a chaperone eager undecided unwilling confused adamant 5 The loud organ music reverberated in the small chapel reversed rehearsed dwindled screeched echoed 6 It is redundant to say Take your daily vitamin once a day inadequate cautious remarkable unnecessary prudent 7 The smell of rancid meat is absolutely nauseating broiled rotten uncooked fresh chopped 8 Why did Monique rebuff your friendly advice mimic reject consider tolerate accept Write original sentences using any five of the boldfaced words in Part A 1 2 3 4 5 63 WORDS BEGINNING WITH R A B
99 Read the words in the box Then find a synonym and an antonym for the boldfaced word in each phrase Write the synonym on the left and the antonym on the right foster yield sincere merry damage soaked mocking gloomy slavish hide regal steadfast exhibit conquer fickle parched 1 a sarcastic remark 2 servile behavior 3 a saturated lawn 4 to succumb to pressure 5 to secrete evidence 6 a staunch supporter 7 to sabotage a plane 8 a somber mood Circle the word that makes sense in each sentence Use a dictionary if you need help 1 Your shoulder blade is also called a sinew scapula 2 Use a sconce sieve to separate liquids from solids 3 Sienna Scarlatina is the name of a reddish-brown color 4 A king or queen might carry a scepter sarong 5 A very young pigeon is called a shoat squab 6 Why do salmon swim upstream to sprawl spawn 7 A sluggish slovenly person has very little energy WORDS BEGINNING WITH S 64 A B
100 Choose the word from the box that makes sense in each sentence Write it on the line Hint You will not use all the words tenacious turbulent tranquil temperamental transmit transcend tapered tedious tawdry tangible tolerate tarnished 1 We will try to our petty differences and work out a compromise 2 He his reputation by cheating on the test 3 The principal will not littering on the school grounds 4 Filing the bosss correspondence gets quite 5 The child has a grip on her mothers hand 6 Bobby is too to stay cool in a crisis 7 To me that sequined party dress looks 8 Did you those orders to the shipping department Circle a synonym and underline an antonym for each word on the left 1 tenacious affectionate tight sticky loose 2 transmit copy receive order send 3 temperamental moody violent fearful steady 4 transcend rise above fall short of eliminate cross 5 tawdry shiny understated dated cheap 6 tarnished ancient enhanced made blackened 7 tedious quick official fascinating tiresome 8 tolerate allow assist forbid request 65 WORDS BEGINNING WITH T A B
101 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 The ungainly waiter spelled soup in her lap a unfortunate unlucky b harsh rude c clumsy awkward 2 Is there an ulterior motive behind his flattery a secret unrevealed b evil wicked c strong powerful 3 An unsound plan will always result in disappointment a silent toneless b skimpy insufficient c senseless unreasonable 4 Will the coach upbraid the player who was late for practice a braid her hair b admonish scold c appeal to beg 5 We get a great amount of unsolicited mail a unasked for b unscrupulous c unwanted 6 He said todays meeting is of the utmost importance a greatest highest b partial mostly c certain sure 7 Constant criticism will undermine a persons self-esteem a annoy bother b validate confirm c weaken erode Use the clues to help you solve the crossword puzzle Answers are antonyms words that mean the opposite of words from Part A Use a thesaurus if you need help ACROSS 2 antonym of ungainly 5 antonym of ulterior 6 antonym of unsound 7 antonym of upbraid DOWN 1 antonym of unsolicited 3 antonym of utmost 4 antonym of undermine WORDS BEGINNING WITH U 66 A B RG C L Q B OV S S SB P IE 1 6 5 4 2 3 7
102 Find the word in the box that best completes each sentence Write it on the line Hint You will not use all the words varied verified vague vacant vouch vulnerable vital viable vandal vehement vendor vague 1 It was hard to locate a seat in the pitch-black theater 2 The heart and the brain are two of the bodys organs 3 The reporter the facts before writing her news story 4 A argument broke out between the two candidates 5 My cousin is a hot dog in San Francisco 6 Buildings on the San Andreas Fault are to earthquakes 7 The committee doesnt think the mayors plan is 8 A damaged several portraits in the museum Circle a synonym and underline an antonym for each word on the left 1 vendor salesperson imitator admirer customer 2 vandal visitor destroyer child repairman 3 vital crucial muscular secondary fleshy 4 vacant roomy empty balcony occupied 5 vulnerable at risk on target comfortable protected 6 verified debunked fanciful questioned confirmed 7 vehement civil mild intense foolish 8 viable vicious impossible playful workable 67 WORDS BEGINNING WITH V A B
103 Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldfaced word 1 The fashion models career will wane as she grows older a diminish b evolve c restructure 2 Jeromes wayward impulses often cause him trouble a confusing b undisciplined c unimaginable 3 The rebels tried to wrest control from the dictator a manipulate b beg for c pull away 4 Varina gave the stranger a wary look a suspicious b hostile c cordial 5 Our team hoped to wreak vengeance for last years loss a repair b endure c inflict 6 Han tried to wheedle a loan out of his brother a bully b coax c levitate 7 Your remark made Chris writhe with embarrassment a squirm b faint c explode Complete the puzzle with words from Part A Notice that the clue words are antonyms words that mean the opposite of the correct answers ACROSS 1 intensify 3 trusting welcoming 4 relax 5 receive absorb DOWN 1 obedient 2 to bully or force 3 deliver give WORDS BEGINNING WITH W 68 A B W W W WI E SW K L 1 5 4 3 2
104 Circle the word that makes sense in each sentence If you need help use a dictionary 1 You make music on a zither xylophone by plucking its strings 2 Sliced thin in a salad zirconium zucchini tastes great 3 Yaws Yucca is a serious skin disease in tropical regions 4 X-rays Zoom-rays are used to diagnose fractures and diseases 5 A yowl yelp is the long sad cry of a wolf or a dog 6 A soft gentle breeze is sometimes called a zipper zephyr 7 Egg yokes yolks have more calories than egg whites Read the sentences Then find a synonym in the box for each boldfaced word Write it on the line Hint You will not use all the words yearns zenith yield yellow xylem zoned zealous zest zodiac yawls 1 This area has been partitioned for industrial use 2 The boss would not surrender to my pleas for a raise 3 At the peak of his career he won the Nobel prize 4 The new principal is enthusiastic about improving our school 5 The young actor longs for fame and fortune 6 Risk adds excitement to a lion tamers work 69 WORDS BEGINNING WITH X Y Z A B
105 A What are antonyms Use the clues to find the mystery word that answers the riddle Hint Puzzle answers are antonyms of the clue words Use a dictionary if you need help 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ZLS AP L D PL Y CH S BMH FR E HFY LB L MN C E 1 uninterested lukewarm hesitant 2 approving of happy with pleased by 3 plentiful significant abundant 4 peacefulness tranquility order 5 advantage improvement benefit 6 unconcealed conspicuous obvious 7 slight small lightweight 8 scanty inadequate paltry 9 substantial colossal immense Cross out the word in each group that is not a synonym of the boldfaced word 1 an ornate mirror embellished decorated functional elaborate 2 a cordial greeting discordant heartfelt affectionate sincere 3 a redundant supply excessive surplus unnecessary reduced 4 a hypocritical statement hypersensitive deceitful fraudulent insincere B UNIT REVIEW 8
106 C Use words from the box to complete the sentences You will not use all the words imperative daunting haggle nimble irate lethargic unsolicited berating reminded wary 1 It is wise to be of fast-talking salespeople 2 advice is rarely appreciated 3 The hot humid weather made everyone feel 4 It is to be on time for a job interview 5 A gymnasts body must be limber and 6 It is foolish to over unimportant matters 7 your teammates is poor sportsmanship 8 Do you think the marathon is a race Use the clues to help you solve the crossword puzzle Hint The answers are verbs you learned in this unitthe clues are synonyms ACROSS 2 wiggle flail thrash 5 prop underbrace shore up 6 extinguish purge obliterate 9 assemble rally mobilize 10 rejoice in glory in feel ecstatic about DOWN 1 submit yield comply 3 contemplate review reflect 4 reap harvest gather 7 obstruct block hinder 8 evaluate ponder study D W I F P G BLT N EA I E M M E LE T 1 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 D 8 UNIT REVIEW
107 1 PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Recognizing Nouns A noun is the name of a person place or thing A proper noun names a particular person place or thing and is always capitalized All other nouns are common nouns they are not capitalized He climbed the mountain He climbed Mount Whitney That girl is a scuba diver Karen is a scuba diver If the proper noun contains more than one word capitalize all the important words Do not capitalize a short word such as of and or the unless it is the first word in a title Pacific Ocean The Shining Dan and Daves Repair Shop Abstract and Concrete Nouns A concrete noun names something that you can see or touch boy Charlie rock giraffe cloud essay An abstract noun names a thought a quality an idea or a feeling democracy honesty delight theory pain Singular and Plural Nouns Just about every noun has two forms The singular form names one person place or thing A soldier marched by Loyalty is a virtue The plural form names more than one person place or thing The soldiers marched by His loyalties are divided Collective Nouns Collective nouns name groups of people or things A collective noun that refers to the group as a whole takes a singular verb The crowd was roaring Our team is playing A collective noun that refers to the individual members of the group takes a plural verb The committee are discussing their differences The jury were arguing among themselves Compound Nouns A compound noun combines two or more words into one Some compound nouns contain hyphens but most do not sunshine heartbeat standard-bearer Most compound nouns are made plural in the usual ways toothbrushes spaceships salesmen To make the plural form add s to the noun in a compound that also contains describing words sergeant-at-arms sergeants-at-arms hanger-on hangers-on Suffixes That Form Nouns Certain suffixes make nouns of verbs and adjectives Some of these suffixes are dom ness er ster y ion ery ant and or truthful ness truthfulness sail or sailor PRONOUNS Recognizing Pronouns Personal pronouns are words used to replace nouns in sentences The noun the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number singular or plural and gender masculine feminine or neuter We enjoyed the folktale because it was funny Since Rob moved away I miss him a lot Where is Martha when I need her Subject and Object Forms of Personal Pronouns The subject forms of the personal pronouns are I you he she it we and they I drive You ride She walks It leaks We applaud They smile The object forms of the personal pronouns are me you him her it us and them Tell me Help him Thank her Join us Hide it Follow them 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VOCABULARY REFERENCE GUIDE
108 Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun refers back to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence Reflexive pronouns end in self or selves The dancers looked at themselves in the mirror Louis must take responsibility for himself Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns show ownership or relationship The following possessive pronouns are used before nouns in sentences my your his her its our their my purse your tie his idea its purpose our home their problem Possessive pronouns that may not be used before nouns are mine yours his hers its ours theirs Is the blue bike his or is it hers The tan house is theirs Ours is next door Notice that possessive pronouns unlike possessive nouns do not include an apostrophe Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns point out persons places and things This that these and those are demonstrative pronouns This and these point out things that are nearby That and those indicate things that are farther away These are my clothes Those are falling stars Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect a noun or another pronoun with a word group that tells more about it The relative pronouns are who whom whose which and that Matt had a flat tire which he had to repair The girl who lives in Denver represents Colorado The relative pronouns who whom and whose refer to people Who is used as a subject whom is used as an object and whose shows ownership or relationship The relative pronouns that and which refer to places or things Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions The interrogative pronouns are what which who whom and whose Which singer do you like best To whom are you speaking Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns stand on their own because there is usually no specific antecedent Is anybody here Something is missing She explained nothing VERBS Recognizing Verbs A verb is always part of a sentences predicate An action verb expresses physical or mental action Kyle chopped wood Kelly eats lunch A linking verb expresses what is or seems to be It links the subject with the predicate Wendy seems tired The debaters are ready Many linking verbs can also be used as action verbs Subject-Verb Agreement A verb and its subject must agree in person I you hesheit number singular or plural and gender masculine feminine or neuter I am going not I are going They play well not They plays well Carlos broke his wrist not Carlos broke her wrist Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning Use singular verbs with these words Athletics is his interest not Athletics are his interest The words one each every neither either everyone nobody everybody and somebody always take a singular verb Everyone is invited not Everyone are invited Compound subjects joined by and are usually plural They take a plural verb form Dogs and cats fight not Dogs and cats fights Compound subjects joined by or are usually singular They take a singular verb form Chocolate or vanilla is fine with me not Chocolate or vanilla are fine with me Irregular Past Tense Verbs Irregular verbs do not form the past tense with the addition of d or ed Instead they change internal spelling grow grew runran tell told see saw 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
109 Verb Phrases A verb phrase is made up of two or more verbs that function together in a sentence The last verb in a verb phrase is the main verb We have enrolled The car had vanished In a verb phrase the ing ending is used to show continuing action in the present They are voting Mr Crenshaw is teaching Action in the past is usually shown by adding d ed n or en to the plural form of the main verb The main verb usually follows a form of the helping verb have Finally he had told his mother He had dreaded upsetting her A form of the word do is often used as a helping verb in a verb phrase Why did you scream like that Do you have no self-control The helping verbs can could may might must should and would are often used in verb phrases Could you drive I might join you Must you leave early I can stay later ADJECTIVES Recognizing Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun An adjective usually appears before a noun or after a linking verb Adjectives usually tell what kind which one or how many Clever jokes make me laugh Elaines jokes are hilarious Adjectives that tell which one or how many always come before nouns Several students got perfect scores That student didnt take this test Adjectives that tell what kind can sometimes stand alone George felt discouraged Holly was delighted Proper Adjectives A proper adjective is an adjective formed from a proper noun the Denver Mint Chinese food the Victorian era Using Adjectives to Compare Adjectives can be used to compare two or more people or things The comparative form is used to compare two people or things To make the comparative form add er to one-syllable adjectives and most two-syllable adjectives a great interest a greater interest a friendly neighbor a friendlier neighbor Use more or less before some two-syllable adjectives and before all adjectives with more than two syllables Check a dictionary if youre not certain of the correct comparative form fearful more fearful desirable less desirable The superlative form of an adjective is used when more than two people or things are compared Add est to adjectives with one syllable and to many adjectives with two syllables smartsmarter smartest uglyuglier ugliest To make the superlative form use most or least before some two-syllable adjectives and all adjectives with more than two syllables Check a dictionary if youre not certain of the correct superlative form beautifulmore beautiful most beautiful intelligent less intelligent least intelligent ADVERBS Recognizing Adverbs An adverb is used to describe a verb an adjective or another adverb Adverbs tell how when where or how often They arrived early The hall filled quickly We drove downtown The paper is delivered daily Adverb Placement Adverbs that describe verbs can often be placed before or after the verb without changing the sentences meaning Adverbs that describe adjectives and adverbs usually are placed before the words they describe He ate noisily He noisily ate It is uncomfortably hot 18 19 20 21 22 23
110 Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adverbs When no more than two people or things are compared use the comparative form of the adverb This form is made by adding er to some short adverbs and by adding more or less before most adverbs She jumps higher than I do I got up earlier than you did Lou is more studious than Sue Sue is less ambitious than Lou Use the superlative form of an adverb to compare more than two people or things This form is made by adding est to some short adverbs Use most or least before most adverbs The latest date to apply is July 1 Maya is the most curious girl I know Neil is the least courageous lion tamer WORD PARTS Roots A root is a word or word part that is used as a base for the formation of other words The meaning of a root does not change The root bio for example means life A biography is the story of a persons life Biochemistry is the science dealing with the chemistry of plant and animal life auto self dict speak micro small pop people phys nature multi many photo light tele far Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to modify it or change its meaning The prefix trans for example means across or bring across To transmit something is to send it across space To transport is the act of carrying something from one place to another Here are some common prefixes and their meanings deca ten un not cent hundred pre before co with together sub under re again inter among between Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to change the meaning or function A suffix often changes a words part of speech Some suffixes change verbs into nouns employment action Some suffixes turn adjectives into adverbs happily strangely Some suffixes turn nouns into adjectives merciful careless VOCABULARY GLOSSARY Homographs Homographs are words with the same spelling and pronunciation but with different meanings Here are some common words with multiple meanings bail money for release throw water out bark tree covering sound a dog makes chow breed of dog slang for food fan device to stir up air admirer Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and different meanings aloud audible hole opening allowed permitted whole complete cheap inexpensive morn morning cheep bird call mourn grieve Near Misses Near misses are words with different meanings that have similar sounds acceptto take what is offered exceptleaving out or excluding all readycompletely ready alreadyeven now or by this time elicitto draw out illicitnot lawful biannualoccurring twice per year biennialoccurring every other year 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
111 Denotation A words denotation is its dictionary definition or literal meaning It is the explicit meaning of a word as opposed to its implied meaning The denotation of stingy for example is not willing to give or spend money This definition has no emotional overtone and expresses no judgment Connotation A words connotation is a meaning that is suggested or implied The word stingy for example has a negative connotation It implies unattractive qualities like selfishness and greed Here are some examples of synonyms that have nearly the same denotation but very different connotations scrawnyslender curiousnosy bravefoolhardy antiqueold Euphemisms Euphemisms are pleasant words for unpleasant things Using euphemisms is a polite way to avoid saying things that might be painful or offensive Here are some common euphemisms and the words they replace memorial parkgraveyard devotedfanatical low-income bracketpoor domestic engineerhousewife strategic withdrawalretreat Trite Language Trite expressions are groups of words that have become worn out and boring These expressions also called clichs are so overused that they should be avoided in speech and writing Here are some common clichs green with envy blushing bride blind as a bat strong as an ox quick as a flash white as a sheet Idioms An idiom is an expression that has a different meaning from the usual meaning of the words It is difficult for people who are not native speakers of a language to learn that languages idioms Idiom Meaning came to a head reached a crisis to back out of refuse to do to drop in come to visit to back up support in the same boat in the same situation hit the roof get very angry Jargon The special words and phrases used by people in the same line of work is called jargon When a specialist writes for other specialists the use of jargon is not objectionable Educators for example might say phonemes instead of sounds or orthography instead of spelling Another kind of jargon is merely puffed-up pretentious language that should be replaced by simple everyday words Here are some examples of jargon that only serves to confuse or irritate the reader jargon one of the contributing factors simple language one cause jargon owing to the fact that simple language because Slang Slang is a faddish language spoken by a particular group of people Slang should be reserved for casual situations It is not acceptable in formal writing and should be used sparingly in informal writing and speaking Most slang is popular for a short while and then forgotten Here are some examples of common slang expressions and their meanings nuts crazy dope a nitwit goof off waste time gung-ho enthusiastic Borrowed Words A word adopted from another language that has become an accepted part of English is called a borrowed word Here are some borrowed words and their sources kindergarten German gourmet French raccoon Algonquin 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
112 Etymologies A words etymology is its origin or history Many dictionaries list the etymologies of entry words Common abbreviations used for word origins are ME Middle English OE Old English OHG Old High German and L Latin Compound Words When two short words are combined to make one new word the result is called a compound word Some compound words are hyphenated but most are not Here are some examples of compound words pigtail Italian-American dropout twenty-five skateboard mother-in-law tugboat forget-me-not Blended Words A blended word is a new word made from parts of two or more other words daisy days eye goodbye God be with ye paratroops parachute troops Coined Words Coined words are often invented for use on a particular occasion Many coined words become permanent in the language The word zipper for example was originally invented as a brand name for a slide fastener escalatortaken from the trade name Escalator but now used to describe any moving staircase summestera term once used by Massachusetts State College to describe a summer session Clipped Words Clipped words are shortened forms of long words that seemed awkward to use in everyday speech bus for autobus tux for tuxedo pro for professional Foreign Words and Phrases A number of words and phrases from other languages are commonly used in English speech and writing faux pasmistake French in memoriamin memory of Latin wanderlustpassion for travel German Synonyms Synonyms are words that have very similar meanings Dictionaries often use synonyms in their definitions go leave depart food nourishment edibles name title designation idea thought concept Antonyms Antonyms are words that mean the opposite or nearly the opposite of each other startfinish neveralways wellbadly createdestroy 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
ENGLISH in context in context CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING ENGLISH in context in context VOOCABULARY CABULARY SADDLEBACK E-BOOK
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english vocabulary casa bacdoc bac doc dok document cours bacalaureat bacalauréat baccalauréat bacalauréat bacalaureat baccalauréa baccalaurea maroc باك دوك باكدوك دروس بكالوريا باكلوريا باكالوريا المغرب 2014 2015 2016