دروس الانجليـزيـــــة كاملة

تلخیص دروس باك 2 الانجلیزية GRAMMAR THE PRESENT SIMPLE is used for aregular actions or events He plays tennis most weekends bfacts The sun rises in the east cfacts known about the future We leave at 830 next Monday dthoughts and feelings about the time of speaking I dont feel very well THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS athe time of speaking now Sshh Im trying to hear what they are saying bthings which are true at the moment but not always Were looking for a new flat cpresent plans for the future Were having dinner with them next week examples 1I dont usually have cereals for breakfast but Im having some this morning because there is nothing else 2I often cycle to work but Im taking the car this morning because its raining very hard 3Im thinking about having my hair cut short but I dont think my husband will be very happy about it 4My parents live in OURZAZAT but Im just visiting it

THE SIMPLE PAST a to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past bWe use it to talk about a specific point in time -I saw her in the street yesterday -He came back last Thursday -We didnt agree to the deal cWe can also use it to talk about a period of time -We lived in Japan for five years -She was in London from Monday to Thursday last week -When he was living in New York he went to all the bars and clubs he could You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these Yesterday three weeks ago last year in 2002 from March to June for a long time for 6 weeks in the 1980s in the last century in the past

THE PAST CONTINUOUS ato talk about past events which took place for a period of time bIt is used to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity If we want to talk about a past event as a simple fact we use the past simple 1While I was driving home Richard was trying desperately to phone me 2Sorry were you sleeping 3I was just making some tea Would you like some 4I was thinking about her last night 5In the 1990s very few people were using mobile phones cWe often use it to describe a quotbackground actionquot when something else happened 1They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them 2He was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead 4She was walking in the street when she suddenly fell over 5The company was growing rapidly before he became chairman 6We were just talking about it before you arrived 7I was having a cup of coffee when I remembered I was supposed to be in a meeting

THE PRESENT PERFECT awhen we want to look back from the present to the past We can use it to look back on the recent past 1Ive broken my watch so I dont know what time it is 2They have cancelled the meeting 3Shes taken my book I dont have one bWhen we look back on the recent past we often use the words just already or the word yet in negatives and questions only 1Weve already talked about that 2She hasnt arrived yet 3Ive just done it 4have you spoken to him yet 5Shes done this type of project many times before cWhen we look back on the more distant past we often use the words ever in questions and never 1Has he ever talked to you about the problem 2Ive never met a famous singer

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future aWe can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence 1Oh the kitchen is a mess Who has been cooking 2You look tired Have you been sleeping properly 3Ive got a a stiff neck Ive been working too long on computer bIt can refer to an action that has not finished 1Ive been learning English for 3 years and I still dont know how speak it very well Ive been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasnt arrived Hes been telling me about it for days I wish he would stop cIt can refer to a series of actions 1Shes been writing to her regularly for a couple of years 2Hes been phoning me all week for an answer The present perfect continuous is often used with since for all week for days lately recently over the last few months 1Ive been working for this companyt for ten years 2Hes been working here since 2001 3You havent been getting good results over the last few months 4They havent been working all week Theyre on strike 5Ive been looking at other options recently

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ato talk about what happened before a point in the past It looks back from a point in the past to a time further in the past 1She had already spoken to him before I had time to give him my version 2I checked with our customers but they still hadnt received the delivery 3I hadnt known the bad news when I saw him 4The company had started the year very well but was hit badly by the strikes bIt is often used when we report what people had saidthoughtbelieved 1He phoned me to say that they had already paid the bill 2She said she thought John had moved to Italy 3I thought we had already decided on somewhere for our holidays THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE aWhen we talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future In these examples we are talking about regular actions or events 1Ive got my ticket Im leaving on Thursday 2Im seeing a movie at 5 and then Im having dinner with a colleague bIn many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the going to future However when we use the present continuous there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made 1Im going to see himIm seeing him 2Im going to do itIm doing it cWe use the present simple to talk about events in the future which are timetabled We can also use the present continuous to talk about these 1My plane leaves at 6 in the morning 2The shop opens at 930 3The sun is rising at 632 tomorrow

THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO There is no one future tense in English There are 4 future forms The one which is used most often in spoken English is going to not will aWe use going to when we want to talk about a plan for the future 1Im going to see him later today 2Were going to have lunch first Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future 1When I retire Im going to go back to my home town to live 2In ten years time my elder son is going to take over my own successful company bWe use going to when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now 1Look out That vase is going to fall off 2Look at those black clouds Its going to rain soon

THE FUTURE WITH WILL aWe can use will to talk about future events we believe to be certain 1Next year Ill be 50 2That plane will be late It always is bOften we add perhaps maybe probably possibly to make the belief less certain 1Ill probably come back later 2Maybe it will rain again 3Perhaps well meet again some day cWe often use will with I think or I hope 1I think shell do well in the job 2I hope you wont make too much noise dWe use will at the moment we make a new decision or plan The thought has just come into our head apromise or an offer 1Bye Ill phone you when I get there 2Ill answer that 3I wont tell him I promise CONDITIONAL ZERO aWE use quotzero conditionalquot When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true we can use IfWhenUnless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative 1If you press this button you get black coffee 2When the temperature risesice melts 3When you go to the beach take some sun cream

CONDITIONAL 1ST aWe use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen 1If we take the children theyll be really pleased 2If you give me some money Ill pay you back tomorrow 3unless he feels betterhe wont go with us CONDITIONAL 2ND aWe can use the Second Conditional to talk about impossible situations 1If I had one million dollars Id give a lot to charity Notice that after I he she it we often use the subjunctive form were and not was 2If she were really happy in her job shed be working much harder Notice the form If I were you which is often used to give advice 1If I were you Id change my job bWe can also use the Second Conditional to talk about unlikely situations 1If I won the lottery Id buy my parents a big house 2If I went to the moon Id bring back some moon rock Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speakers attitude rather than of facts For example consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist examples NAJIB If I win the lottery Ill buy a big houseoptimist KAMAL If I won the lottery Id buy a big housepessimist

CONDITIONAL 3ND aOften referred to as the quotpastquot conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results bUsed to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation 1If Jack had thoughttwice he wouldnt have made such a stupid mistake did he think no did he make a mistake Yes 2They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time was the train on timeno Were they home by ten No WISHSIMPLE PAST athe main use of wish is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are that we have regrets about the present situation Notice that the verb tense which follows I wish is more in the past than the tense corresponding to its meaning 1I wish I was rich 2He wishes he lived in Paris 3Im too fat I wish I was thin 4Its raining I wish it wasnt raining WISHPAST PERFECT bshowing regrets about past situations 1I went to see the latest Star Wars film I wish I hadnt gone 2Ive eaten too much I wish I hadnt eaten so much cwe use wouldafter wishquot when we anticipate some change 1He wont help me I wish he would help me 2Youre making too much noise I wish you would be quiet 3You keep interrupting me I wish you wouldnt do that

COMPARATIVESSUPERLATIVES MAIN USE Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority inferiority or equality of one term compared to another For comparisons in larger groups you must use the superlative The superlative designates extremes the best the first the worst the last etc SUPERIORITY a Short adjectives adj er than Peter is taller than Sandra b COMPARATIVES Long adjectives MORE adj THAN A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini SUPERLATIVEShort amp long adjectives THE ADJ-ESTIESTt THE MOSTTHE LEAST adjective Its the nicest place ive ever visited This is the most pleasant place on Earth EQUALITY Short amp long adjectives AS adjective AS English is as easy as German Doesnt exist INFERIORITY Short amp long adjectivesLESS adjectif THAN July is less cold than January NOTES Short adjectives 1 syllable eg young 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y eg pretty Long adjectives all the other adjectives COMPARATIVES gt If the adjective ends in quot--yquot the quotyquot becomes quotiquot heavy --gt heavier

gt If the adjective ends in quot--equot only an quotrquot is needed wise --gt wiser gt If the adjective ends with quotsingle vowel consonantquot the consonant is doubled and one adds quot--erquot big --gt bigger gt Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives good --gt better bad --gt worse far --gt farther SUPERLATIVES Irregular forms good --gt the best bad --gt the worst far --gt the farthest PHRASAL VERBS PHRASAL VERBS Phrasal Verbs are verbs with more than one word Examples pick up put down turn on turn off Phrasal verbs are also called two-part verbs and three-part verbs There are two types of phrasal verbs separable and non separable Non separable phrasal verbs are sometimes called inseparable Non separable n phrasal verbs must always remain together Example take off n to depart CORRECT The plane took off at noon verb particle together XX INCORRECT The plane took at noon off both words MUST be together Separable s phrasal verbs can be written three different ways Example take off s to remove clothing CORRECT Sara took off her jacket verb particle together CORRECT Sara took her jacket off verb particle separated by noun CORRECT Sara took it off verb particle separated with a pronoun XX INCORRECT Sara took off it the pronoun MUST be in the middle THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice requires a quotdouble verbquot and will always consist of a form of the verb quotto bequot and the past participle usually the quotenedtquot form of another verb Example is kicked You should be familiar with the forms of quotto bequot so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work Review the forms of quotto bequot am is are was were be being been Note the forms of quotto bequot in the examples of the verb quotto kickquot in various forms of the passive voice is kicked----------------had been kicked was kicked-------------is going to be kicked is being kicked---------will be kicked has been kicked-------can be kicked was being kicked------should be kicked Often passive voice sentences will contain a quotbyquot phrase indicting who or what performed the action Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition quotbyquot is moved to the subject position in the sentence Passive The cookies were eaten by the children Active The children ate the cookies Passive English is spoken all over the world Active People speak English all over the world in spite of noun although clause despite noun though clause even though clause Although and though can be used in the same way Despite and in spite of are normally used as prepositions they can also be used

in adverbial constructions with -ing thus 1 I managed to pass my exams despite going out four times a week during the revision period 2In spite of feeling terribly sick I went to work every day that week Example SentencesCause 1There was flooding because heavy rain fell all night 2There was flooding because of the heavy rain 3The heavy rain was the cause ofthe flooding 4Due to the heavy rain there was flooding Example SentencesEffect 1The standards of living in the home country is very low So many Africans migrate to Europe 2The standards of living in the home country is very low as a consequence many Africans migrate to Europe 3The standards of living in the home country is very low Cconsequently many Africans migrate to Europe 4The standards of living in the home country is very low Therefore many Africans migrate to Europe 5Low standards of living in the home county result in immigration to Europe

WRITING subjects 1 Television TVadvantages and disadvantages Here is the first part of a composition about TVRead it and complete the compossition TV is one of the most popular ways to spend our time Nowadays more and more peopleand particularly teenagers spend twice as much time in front of the TV than reading books or playing games outside As far as I know there is a great variety of opinions about television some say that its very useful and the others that its harmful I would like to mention some positive aspects In the first place it keeps people informed There is news which inform us about the events which happeni all around the world Besides advertisements on TV give us more information about the new products and goods in the market

subjects 2 obesity Obesity is considered today as a diseaseWrite an article to your school magazine stating some of its causes- like bad eating habits and effects and suggest some ideas to get rid of it subjects 3 Immigration A large number of Moroccan people have emigrated to Europe or CanadaWrite an article to your school magazine stating thereasons why people emigrate and listing the problems theu may face in the host country

subjects 4 Working woman some people believe that a mother should not workOthers argue against itWrite an article to a newspaper and consider the problems a working mother faces and give your opinion Suggested essay Nowadays it is important for women to work outside the home because of economic reasonsYet this idea is still debated by many people Some people argue that the family especially small children may be neglected I believe that every woman has the right to work but she should carefully consider the many problems she might encounter The major problems a working woman faces concern her children She must either find a reliable person to look after them or a nursery school that the children can attend But the big problem is that when the mother is at work she may worry about her children She may wonder if they are safe if they are learning good values and if her absence is hurting them emotionally After a mother takes into consideration all these problems above and perhaps other problems she must decide if a job outside home is worth it I believe that in spite of all these obstacles many mothers do work and manage a family successfully In Conclusion it is a womans right to make this choice and only the woman herself should decide this matter

subjects 5 pollution Advances in technology and sicience have solved many problemsHoweverthey have also created new problemsThe most serious is the problem of pollution Write an article showing some causes of this problem and give your opinion on how to deal with it Suggested essay Nowadays technology has brought many conveniences to facilitate our lifeHoweverthese same advancements in technology and science have caused some dangerous problems The most hazardous of all of them is pollution Our land air and water are all polluted Perhaps the most serious threat to our planet is the loss of the ozone layer and the warming of the earths atmosphere which are due to carbon dioxide emissions from factories Besides the chemicals we use for cleaning and chemical wastes from factories go into our water systems and pollute the water we drink and the fish we eat They also kill much of the wildlife we need for our food In conclusion these problems are growing daily because people dont want to change their lifestyle People need to be educated so they will stop damaging our planet Furthermoregovernments should take actions to prevent individuals and companies from harming their environment

subjects 6 Morocco and its culture Morocco is very rich culturally It has many dialects and traditions which differ from one region to another The more we move towards the center the north the south the west or the east things start to change This difference is what makes our country attractive and a destination for millions of tourists every year Morocco offers numerous delicious dishes and comfortable hotels available everywhere Another advantage is the suitable weather that appeals to foreign visitors from the five continents The Moroccan people are tolerant generous and ready to give a helping hand to the needy They welcome their guests and try their best to make their stay as enjoyable as possible

subjects 7 Empowering women and development Women have for so long been likened to slaves created just to serve and execute mens orders In some cultures they were considered as a part of the furniture of the house The situation is not as acute as it used to be However girls in some parts of the world are still unable to go to school because life in the countryside needs help even from children Thus illiteracy is so prevailing in rural areas It undoubtedly affects development and prosperity As a result the government has launched many campaigns aiming at fighting this problem which is an obstacle in the integration of women in the development of the Moroccan society Women in all parts of the world have struggled so as to get a place in the sun The fruit of this hard work has been the family code Many claim that its a triumph for Moroccan women Others however believe that it has complicated things and has widened the gap between men and women The point is that women need more rights to be able to efficiently contribute to the welfare of the society For this reason we witness today their emergence in political parties and organizations to raise up their voices against gender discrimination within the same society

subjects 8 Why do children leave school Write an article to your school magazine showing some of the reasons and the effects of this problem Suggested article One of the biggest issues that some families encounter is their childrens dropping out of school This is due to many reasons First most children who live in rural areas cant attend school regularly because it is situated far away from where they live Their parents also need them to help with the housework Another reason is that poor families cant afford to provide their children with all what they need for school as books and school things are getting expensive The problem is also due to family problems and divorce Children cant study when parents often have rows In cities small children leave school early to go out to work and support their deprived families As a result these poor kids get lost in the world of adults Some become addicted to smoking and drugs Others turn to crime Generally speaking they are victims of circumstances and are thus often emprisoned

subjects 9 Brain Drain Write a pargarph showing some of the reasons why some highly skilled and educated people leave their countriesand what effects this phenomenom has on the home country Suggested paragraph One of the most serious issues in the world today is the brain drain phenomenon Thousands of intellectuals leave their native country in search for a better life There are many factors that breed this situation First the lack of job opportunities is one of them Moreover the host country offers better work conditions and ensures a comfortable life for these new comers This Capital flight as many people call it has both positive and negative effects It not only helps these brainy people to improve their standards of living but it also enables them to contribute to the development of their home country when they come back One way to prevent this is to offer to these people tempting salaries and opportunities to ameliorate their potentials inside their home country

subjects 10 Technology Suggested paragraph Advanced technology has transformed our lives completely both physically and morally Every day people are assaulted by new gadgets on markets As a result life is becoming more and more comfortable but complicated as well Unemployment is spreading because machines are taking mans place Armed conflicts break out here and there due to free arm trade More and more refugees abandon their home land in search of peaceful shelther Technology is something good as long as it serves humanity However when it makes a mistake the price to pay is very high human lives subjects 11 The Internet Suggested pargraph Many people consider the internet as one of the most important sources of learning It not only gives sound and picture but reading texts as well Besides this it enables people of different ages to widen and enrich their knowledge about a specific topic The internet is a bank of information where one can find anything he or she dreams of Although some people still dread using the internet it remains a powerful and vital means of learning